Figure 3. MS-based datasets for stability and aggregation analysis of biotherapeutic modalities.

Thermal protein-profiling experiments report shifts to lower Tm values, indicating a decrease in stability while higher values indicate an increase in stability. Changes in mass measurements can indicate different covalent structures or stoichiometries. Changes to CCS values recorded by IM indicate either more compact structures or larger, often unfolded structures. By applying gas-phase activation energy and monitoring unfolding, relative stability can be observed. Figure reprinted with permission from [78]. Copyright (2022) American Chemical Society.