Table 2. Sex-Biased Genes.
Differential RNA abundance between tissues from males or females was assessed by microarrays or RNA seq as described in all publications except (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) which assessed sex bias in the transcription factor network targeting each gene. Table 2 summarizes the authors’ determinations of sex-biased gene expression according to the criteria of each study. The published predictions of sex bias also were compared to the median Transcripts Per Million (TPM) indicated in GTEx Analysis Release v8 (dbGaP Accession phs000424. v8.p2) downloaded April 2022. An asterisk indicates differences between predicted bias and observed raw median differences. Differences with GTEx v8 ratios were most frequent for RNAs with very low abundance or small fold differences. Note, that the approved names are used in all gene expression studies; however, reviews of mechanisms often used aliases. Alternative names can be found here: https://www.genenames.org/.
| Approved Gene name | HGNC ID | Location | Approved Gene Symbol | Lung1 | Heart left ventricle1 | Skeletal2 Muscle | Thyroid1 | cultured Fibroblasts3 | newborn (day 1) and adult vascular endothelial cells4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RNA Pol II TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION (Sainsbury et al., 2015) | |||||||||
| cyclin H | HGNC:1594 | 5q14.3 | CCNH | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019); F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||
| cyclin dependent kinase 7 | HGNC:1778 | 5q13.2 | CDK7 | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019); M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||
| ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit | HGNC:3434 | 19q13.32 | ERCC2 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019; Oliva et al., 2020) | |||||
| general transcription factor IIA subunit 1 | HGNC:4646 | 14q31.1 | GTF2A1 | M>F (Hartman et al., 2020) | |||||
| general transcription factor IIA subunit 2 | HGNC:4647 | 15q22.2 | GTF2A2 | ||||||
| general transcription factor IIF subunit 1 | HGNC:4652 | 19p13.3 | GTF2F1 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| general transcription factor IIF subunit 2 | HGNC:4653 | 13q14.12-q14.13 | GTF2F2 | M>F* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| general transcription factor IIH subunit 2 | HGNC:4656 | 5q13.2 | GTF2H2 | (Hartman, Mokry, et al., 2021) | (Hartman, Mokry, et al., 2021) | ||||
| general transcription factor IIH subunit 5 | HGNC:21157 | 6q25.3 | GTF2H5 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| MNAT1 component of CDK activating kinase | HGNC:7181 | 14q23.1 | MNAT1 | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||
| RNA polymerase II subunit B | HGNC:9188 | 4q12 | POLR2B | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020)1 | |||||
| RNA polymerase II subunit C | HGNC:9189 | 16q21 | POLR2C | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| RNA polymerase II, I and III subunit E | HGNC:9192 | 19p13.3 | POLR2E | M>F* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| RNA polymerase II, I and III subunit F | HGNC:9193 | 22q13.1 | POLR2F | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| RNA polymerase II subunit G | HGNC:9194 | 11q12.3 | POLR2G | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| RNA polymerase II subunit I | HGNC:9196 | 19q13.12 | POLR2I | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| RNA polymerase II, I and III subunit L | HGNC:9199 | 11p15.5 | POLR2L | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| RNA polymerase II subunit J | HGNC:9197 | 7q22.1 | POLR2J | M>F* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 | HGNC:11535 | Xq13.1 | TAF1 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 2 | HGNC:11536 | 8q24.12 | TAF2 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 3 | HGNC:17303 | 10p14 | TAF3 | F>M (Mayne et al., 2016) | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 5 | HGNC:11539 | 10q24.33 | TAF5 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 7 | HGNC:11541 | 5q31.3 | TAF7 | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 9 | HGNC:11542 | 5q13.2 | TAF9 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 10 | HGNC:11543 | 11p15.4 | TAF10 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 11 | HGNC:11544 | 6p21.31 | TAF11 | M>F (Hartman et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 12 | HGNC:11545 | 1p35.3 | TAF12 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein associated factor 13 | HGNC:11546 | 1p13.3 | TAF13 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| TATA-box binding protein | HGNC:11588 | 6q27 | TBP | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| POLYADENYLATION (MacDonald, 2019; Tian & Manley, 2017) | |||||||||
| cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 7 | HGNC:30098 | 11q12.2 | CPSF7 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| cleavage stimulation factor subunit 1 | HGNC:2483 | 20q13.2-q13.31 | CSTF1 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Oliva et al., 2020) | ||||
| cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 | HGNC:2484 | Xq22.1 | CSTF2 | M>F(Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Tukiainen et al., 2017) | ||||
| cleavage stimulation factor subunit 3 | HGNC:2485 | 11p13 | CSTF3 | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019); F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019); F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||
| RB binding protein 6, ubiquitin ligase | HGNC:9889 | 16p12.1 | RBBP6 | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| CAPPING (Galloway & Cowling, 2019,Galloway & Cowling, 2019) | |||||||||
| cap methyltransferase 1 | HGNC:21077 | 6p21.2 | CMTR1 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| cap methyltransferase 2 | HGNC:25635 | 16q22.2 | CMTR2 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| RNA guanylyltransferase and 5'-phosphatase | HGNC:10073 | 6q15 | RNGTT | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase | HGNC:10075 | 18p11.21 | RNMT | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| SPLICING (Bertram et al., 2020; Fica, 2020; Kastner et al., 2019; Verma et al., 2018) | |||||||||
| BR serine/threonine kinase 1 | HGNC:18994 | 19q13.42 | BRSK1 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 2 | HGNC:30858 | 17q21.31 | EFTUD2 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated | HGNC:13940 | 6p21.33 | LSM2 | F>M (Oliva et al., 2020) | F>M* (Oliva et al., 2020) | ||||
| LSM3 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated | HGNC:17874 | 3p25.1 | LSM3 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| LSM4 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated | HGNC:17259 | 19p13.11 | LSM4 | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| PHD finger protein 5A | HGNC:18000 | 22q13.2 | PHF5A | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| pre-mRNA processing factor 3 | HGNC:17348 | 1q21.2 | PRPF3 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| pre-mRNA processing factor 4 | HGNC:17349 | 9q32 | PRPF4 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| pre-mRNA processing factor 6 | HGNC:15860 | 20q13.33 | PRPF6 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| pre-mRNA processing factor 8 | HGNC:17340 | 17p13.3 | PRPF8 | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| pre-mRNA processing factor 31 | HGNC:15446 | 19q13.42 | PRPF31 | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| RNA binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3 | HGNC:18666 | 1p21.1 | RNPC3 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| spliceosome associated factor 1, recruiter of U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP | HGNC:10538 | 11q13.1 | SART1 | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||
| splicing factor 1 | HGNC:12950 | 11q13.1 | SF1 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| splicing factor 3a subunit 2 | HGNC:10766 | 19p13.3 | SF3A2 | F>M* (Oliva et al., 2020) | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||
| splicing factor 3a subunit 3 | HGNC:10767 | 1p34.3 | SF3A3 | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017) | |||||
| splicing factor 3b subunit 2 | HGNC:10769 | 11q13.1 | SF3B2 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| splicing factor 3b subunit 3 | HGNC:10770 | 16q22.1 | SF3B3 | M>F (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| splicing factor 3b subunit 4 | HGNC:10771 | 1q21.2 | SF3B4 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Oliva et al., 2020) | |||
| splicing factor 3b subunit 5 | HGNC:21083 | 6q24.2 | SF3B5 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| splicing factor 3b subunit 6 | HGNC:30096 | 2p23.3 | SF3B6 | F>M (Oliva et al., 2020) | F>M (Oliva et al., 2020) | ||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U11/U12 subunit 25 | HGNC:14161 | 16p13.3 | SNRNP25 | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019); F>M (Oliva et al., 2020) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U11/U12 subunit 35 | HGNC:30852 | 12q24.31 | SNRNP35 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U5 subunit 40 | HGNC:30857 | 1p35.2 | SNRNP40 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U11/U12 subunit 48 | HGNC:21368 | 6p24.3 | SNRNP48 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U1 subunit 70 | HGNC:11150 | 19q13.33 | SNRNP70 | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U5 subunit 200 | HGNC:30859 | 2q11.2 | SNRNP200 | F>M* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide C | HGNC:11157 | 6p21.31 | SNRPC | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 polypeptide | HGNC:11158 | 18q11.2 | SNRPD1 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | M>F* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | ||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D2 polypeptide | HGNC:11159 | 19q13.2-q13.3 | SNRPD2 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide E | HGNC:11161 | 1q32.1 | SNRPE | M>F (Hartman et al., 2020) | |||||
| thioredoxin like 4A | HGNC:30551 | 18q23 | TXNL4A | M>F* (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||||
| U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 | HGNC:12453 | 21q22.3 | U2AF1 | F>M (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | |||||
| U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 2 | HGNC:23156 | 19q13.42 | U2AF2 | F>M (Hartman et al., 2020) | |||||
| zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA binding motif containing 1 | HGNC:29620 | 12q12 | ZCRB1 | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | M>F (Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020) | ||||
| zinc finger matrin-type 5 | HGNC:28046 | 22q12.2 | ZMAT5 | F>M (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | F>M* (Naqvi et al., 2019) | |||
| zinc finger CCCH-type, RNA binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2 | HGNC:23019 | Xp22.2 | ZRSR2 | F>M (Kassam et al., 2019; Mayne et al., 2016; Oliva et al., 2020; Tukiainen et al., 2017) | F>M (Kassam et al., 2019; Oliva et al., 2020; Tukiainen et al., 2017) | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Kassam et al., 2019; Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Oliva et al., 2020; Tukiainen et al., 2017) | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Kassam et al., 2019; Mayne et al., 2016; Oliva et al., 2020; Tukiainen et al., 2017) | F>M (Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Kassam et al., 2019; Oliva et al., 2020; Tukiainen et al., 2017) | F>M (Hartman et al., 2020) |
The following genes were not deemed sex-biased in these 6 tissues
Transcription initiation: POLR2H, GTF2B, TAF4, TAF6, TAF8, TAF11, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2H1, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, ERCC3
Polyadenylation: CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4, FIP1L1, WDR33, CSTF2T, NUDT21, CPSF6, SYMPK, PAPOLA, PABPN1
Capping: RAMAC
Splicing: SNRPA, SNRPA1, SNRPB, SF3A1, PPIH, SNU13, DDX23, SNRNP27, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPG, LSM6, LSM7, LSM8, U2AF2
1
(Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Hartman, Mokry, et al., 2021; Kassam et al., 2019; Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Mayne et al., 2016; Mele et al., 2015; Naqvi et al., 2019; Oliva et al., 2020)
2
(Gershoni & Pietrokovski, 2017; Hartman, Mokry, et al., 2021; Kassam et al., 2019; Lopes-Ramos et al., 2020; Mele et al., 2015; Naqvi et al., 2019; Oliva et al., 2020)