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. 2023 Apr 3;9:34. doi: 10.1038/s41421-023-00545-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Quantification of viral DNA levels and (b) infectious viral titers in organoids (n = 4). c Quantification of viral DNA levels and (d) infectious viral titers in the culture medium (n = 4-6). e Visualization of MPXV by immunostaining organoids with an antibody against the virions (green). Blue is DAPI staining of nuclei. Scale bar: 200 μm. f Transmission electron microscopy visualized the MPXV particles in organoids. Scale bar: left, 2 μm; right, 1 μm. g The assembly steps of MPXV start from crescents (Cs), proceed to immature virions (IVs), and finally form the mature virions (MVs). Scale bar: 200 nm. h The percentages of mapped MPXV transcripts in infected organoids. i MPXV transcripts mapped to the locations in viral genome. j The top 30 significantly regulated genes by MPXV infection. k Top 30 significantly regulated pathways by gene ontology analysis at day 7 post-inoculation, compared with the uninfected group. Red: upregulated; blue: downregulated. l Immunohistochemical staining of kidney organoid sections for glomerular structures (PODXL), proximal tubular structures (Villin-1), distal tubular structures (E-cadherin) and endothelial structures (PECAM-1) at 1 h, 48 h, 96 h and 7 d after inoculation with MPXV. m Quantification of MPXV DNA level in organoids (n = 4) and (n) culture medium (n = 4) 7 days after tecovirimat treatment. o Quantification of infectious titters in culture medium 7 days after tecovirimat treatment. Infectious titers were undetectable in the treatment groups (n = 4). p Cell viability of kidney organoids after treatment by tecovirimat for 7 days (n = 4–5). h: hour post-inoculation; d: day post-inoculation. Data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test.