Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Standard therapy | Combination therapy | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 10 | 10 | |
| Age, y | 76.8 (5.4) | 76.7 (5.2) | .483 |
| Gender, Male | 7 | 5 | .361 |
| Duration of diabetes, y | 16.8 (10.0) | 7.0 (9.3) | .021 |
| Height, cm | 157.3 (3.4) | 159.8 (3.4) | .600 |
| Weight, kg | 60.1 (4.4) | 60.0 (4.5) | .492 |
| Skeletal muscle mass, kg | 39.5 (35.0) | 27.5 (2.1) | .259 |
| Body fat mass, kg | 18.2 (3.1) | 20.2 (3.1) | .319 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 (1.6) | 23.7 (1.6) | .456 |
| Smoking status, never, ex, current | 5, 2, 3 | 4, 3, 3 | .855 |
| Alcohol, yes | 6 | 8 | .326 |
| Retinopathy, NDR, SDR, PDR | 8, 2, 0 | 7, 2, 1 | .587 |
| Nephropathy, normal, micro, macro | 5, 5, 0 | 6, 4, 0 | .653 |
| Neuropathy, yes | 3 | 4 | .515 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 10.0 (1.2) | 10.9 (1.4) | .080 |
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.2) | .080 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | .455 |
| eGFR, mL/m/1.73 m2 | 71.7 (27.1) | 70.6 (26.8) | .464 |
| Total insulin dose, U | 19.4 (4.9) | 18.5 (1.9) | .298 |
| Basal insulin dose, U | 5.8 (2.7) | 8.1 (2.5) | .032 |
| Bolus insulin dose, U | 13.6 (2.6) | 10.4 (2.1) | .004 |
| Average of daily steps, step | 5150.4 (2329.1) | 2508.1 (1649.0) | .005 |
| Change of body weight, kg | −0.19 (1.1) | −0.03 (0.8) | .359 |
| Change of skeletal muscle mass, kg | −0.09 (0.8) | 0.78 (0.7) | .013 |
| Change of fat mass, kg | −0.12 (0.9) | −0.87 (0.6) | .022 |
| Skeletal muscle mass of right arm | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | .231 |
| Skeletal muscle mass of left arm | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | .199 |
| Skeletal muscle mass of trunk | 18.8 (1.2) | 17.9 (1.2) | .301 |
| Skeletal muscle mass of right leg | 6.2 (0.5) | 6.4 (0.5) | .387 |
| Skeletal muscle mass of left leg | 6.1 (0.5) | 6.2 (0.5) | .465 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change in right arm | −0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | .018 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change in left arm | −0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | .026 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change in trunk | −0.1 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | .044 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change in right leg | −0.0 (0.1) | −0.0 (0.1) | .315 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change in left leg | −0.1 (0.1) | −0.0 (0.1) | .321 |
| Impedance of right arm | 318.8 (44.6) | 340.1 (35.1) | .231 |
| Impedance of left arm | 321.8 (47.0) | 345.4 (34.7) | .199 |
| Impedance of trunk | 19.7 (2.7) | 23.1 (3.0) | .301 |
| Impedance of right leg | 233.0 (30.1) | 234.9 (50.4) | .387 |
| Impedance of left leg | 236.8 (34.4) | 242.6 (39.0) | .465 |
| Impedance change in right arm | 1.2 (3.6) | −4.9 (3.6) | .122 |
| Impedance change in left arm | −15.7 (4.1) | −22.5 (4.1) | .131 |
| Impedance change in trunk | −0.1 (0.4) | −1.2 (0.4) | .045 |
| Impedance change in right leg | −5.7 (4.9) | −2.4 (4.9) | .319 |
| Impedance change in left leg | −1.2 (5.1) | 1.4 (5.1) | .363 |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimate glomerular filtration rate.
Data are given as numbers (percentages), mean (standard deviation).
P value = Standard therapy versus combination therapy Student’s t-test, Pearson’s qui-squared test were performed.