Table 2.

Spirituality and attitudes toward death scores of older adults living in rural and urban areas

Variable	Spirituality						Attitudes toward death
	Meaning of life	Self	Family	People around	The environment	Total spirituality	Fear and anxiety of death	Escape acceptance	Natural acceptance	Approach acceptance	Death avoidance
Rural areas	22.351 ± 3.508	24.239 ± 3.088	26.164 ± 4.170	20.866 ± 4.078	22.687 ± 3.123	116.310 ± 13.256	15.470 ± 2.326	14.403 ± 2.314	15.015 ± 1.522	14.112 ± 2.154	19.030 ± 2.088
Urban areas	24.281 ± 4.023	23.445 ± 3.527	25.859 ± 3.370	21.016 ± 4.215	24.539 ± 3.411	119.140 ± 14.216	13.625 ± 2.721	13.117 ± 3.262	12.695 ± 2.389	12.180 ± 3.438	17.703 ± 2.291
Statistical analysis	t =  − 4.145	t = 1.940	t = 0.652	t =  − 0.293	t =  − 4.588	t =  − 1.670	t = 5.910	t = 0.745	t = 1.547	t = 0.423	t = 4.902
	P < 0.001	P = 0.053	P = 0.515	P = 0.770	P < 0.001	P = 0.096	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
Cohen’s D	− 0.512	0.240	0.080	− 0.036	− 0.567	− 0.206	0.730	0.456	1.164	0.677	0.606

We bolded the significant results with P < 0.05 for the purpose of attracting attention and facilitating readers’ search. We italicized the symbols for variable numbers such as P, t, B, BE, β and Cohen’s D