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. 2023 Apr 4;13(15):10221–10238. doi: 10.1039/d3ra01408h

Solution methods followed in the CFD modelling.

Phases Euler–Lagrangian
Models included Turbulence: k-epsilon 2 equations
Species transport for finite rate/Eddy transport kinetic model
Radiation: discrete ordinates
Intensity and hydraulic diameter specification
Solution methods Pressure–velocity coupling, coupled
Pressure discretization scheme, PRESTO
Momentum and energy; 2nd order upwind discretization scheme
Residuals level 10−3 for all variables, for energy and radiation 10−6