Table 5.

Selected flavonoids of S. littoralis Hassk. in cosmetic properties based on in vivo activity.

Cosmetic properties	The main mechanism	Selected flavonoids	In vivo activity	Reference(s)
Antioxidant activity	▪Increasing the levels of antioxidant markers: SOD, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), CAT, and GSH; also decreasing the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) in animal models.	Catechin	Catechins isolate of Uncaria gambier (Roxb.) with a dose of 20 mg/kg.bw decreased the levels of MDA by 57.63% in male rats. It indicated catechins gave a strong antioxidant effect.	(Musdja et al., 2018)
		Daidzein	Daidzein contained in soy isoflavones at the rate of 100 mg/day increased feed dry matter intake, enhanced accumulation of SOD and T-AOC, and inhibited the serum MDA and GSH in Xinong Saanen goats. Daidzein 50 mg/kg added to the diet through an extended period increased SOD and CAT activity while lowering MDA levels in the pig plasma.Daidzein significantly elevated the levels of CAT (6%) and SOD (P<0.01) in rats' livers.Injections of vehicle H2O (1 mL/kg bw) and isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) for 1 week each significantly reduced the levels of reactive nitrogen species, such as serum nitrite, nitrate, and nitrotyrosine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rats.	(He et al., 2021 (Li et al., 2021) (Banz et al., 2004) (Yen and Lai, 2003)
		Formononetin	The Nrf2-driven antioxidant defense system was promoted by formononetin in the skin flap of male mice, and active Nrf2 was controlled through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway. In the ethanol-induced rat ulcer model, red propolis (250 and 500 mg/kg) and formononetin (10 mg/kg) lowered total lesion areas, and in the indomethacin-induced rat ulcer model, they decreased ulcer indices thereby inducing SOD and nitric oxide enzymes; and reduce the release of MDA.Formononetin was able to improve antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and GSH). Formononetin additionally provided a defense against lipid peroxidation (LPO).	(Li et al., 2022) (de Mendonça et al., 2020) (Jain et al., 2020)
		Glycitein	Following a single dose of glycitein, three oxidative and two bacterial metabolites were found in rat urine as a result of the in vivo metabolism.	(Rüfer et al., 2007)
		Luteolin	PbAc-treated rats displayed significantly reduced levels of antioxidant enzyme expression and activity (SOD, CAT, glutathione reductase/GR, and GPX,) as well as elevated MDA levels when compared to the control rats.	(Jameel et al., 2020)
		Apigenin	After three days of spinal cord injury, apigenin administration (20 mg/kg dosage) restored the decline in SOD and GPX activity and the rise in MDA levels.	(Zhang et al., 2014a)
		Hesperetin	In the rat hippocampus region, hesperetin and nano-hesperetin elevated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, glutathione GPX, GR, and CAT), GSH levels, and lowered MDA. Hesperetin 20 mg/kg b.w. given orally significantly improved the level of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GPX) in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) painted group 3 hamsters.	(kheradmand et al., 2018) (Babukumar et al., 2017)
		Naringenin	Catalase activity carried on by UVB exposure in mice could be inhibited by formulations containing naringenin.	(Martinez et al., 2016)
Anti-inflammatory activity	▪Increasing the activity of ACh, choline acyltransferase (ChAT). ▪Decreasing the activity of AChE, iNOS, COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and inflammatory pathway (NF-κB) in animal models.	Catechin	In a high-fat diet (HFD) produced by diabetic rats with cognitive impairment, catechin was discovered to raise ACh product, ChAT production, and inhibit AChE performance. In mice treated with D-galactose, epigallocatechin substantially reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.	(Kim et al., 2020, Kim et al., 2021) (Zeng et al., 2020)
		Daidzein	Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 were dramatically lowered in rats by daidzein at a level of 20 mg/kg. In Xinong Saanen goats, the soy isoflavone daidzein reduced the NF-κB pathway.	(Deng et al., 2021) (He et al., 2021)
		Formononetin	The inflammatory response (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in mice can be inhibited by the formononetin from Trifolium pratense L. Red propolis' formononetin suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, NO, and IL-6.	(Wang et al., 2022) (de Mendonça et al., 2020)
		Glycitein	In dietary soybean extract treatments including glycitein, UV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα-, IL-1β) were reduced in hairless mice.	(Cho et al., 2019)
		Luteolin	Luteolin prevented mice from suffering from acute lung injury (ALI) brought on by LPS by inhibiting the production of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. In male Wistar rats given 10 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 50 mg/kg of luteolin, luteolin reduced LPS-induced NF-κB expression in the lung but not in the heart or brain cortex.	(Li et al., 2012) (Rostoka et al., 2010)
		Apigenin	In the liver of mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), apigenin treatment was able to reduce the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α. Apigenin treatment In rats, blood levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were lower 3 days after spinal cord injury.	(Zhao et al., 2014) (Zhang et al., 2014a)
		Hesperetin	Pretreatment with hesperetin substantially reduced the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in mice lung tissues injured by LPS.Treatment with hesperetin inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway and reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in ventilator-induced acute lung injury in rats.	(Ye et al., 2019)(Ma et al., 2015)
		Naringenin	The topical application containing naringenin inhibited cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in mice. Naringenin at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw significantly decreased inflammatory responses (NF-κB and COX-2) in rats-induced benzo[a]pyrene. Naringenin uses its anti-inflammatory capabilities, such as lowering NF-κB, iNOS, and TNF-α, to protect rats from LPS-induced acute lung damage.	(Martinez et al., 2016) (Ali et al., 2017) (Fouad et al., 2016)
Photoprotective activity	▪To protect skin from UV-irradiation in animal models.	Catechin	The UVB-induced expression of COX-2 in the skin of the wild-type mice was decreased substantially after drinking green tea with catechins.	(Meeran et al., 2009)
		Daidzein	In a hairless mouse model, oral administration of soybean extract containing daidzein demonstrated photoprotective benefits (protection against UVB irradiation).	(Cho et al., 2019)
		Formononetin	Red propolis extract containing formononetin, which has photoprotective action against UVB-induced dermatitis in rats. Topical application of isoflavones containing formononetin had effective photoprotection against UV photodamage in pig skin.	(Batista et al., 2018) (Lin et al., 2008)
		Glycitein	Oral intake of soybean extract containing glycitein showed photoprotective advantages in a hairless mice model (protection against UVB irradiation).	(Cho et al., 2019)
		Luteolin	Luteolin alleviates UV-induced skin damage in Wistar albino rats.Luteolin suppressed the in vivo production of UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.	(Abbas et al., 2022) (Wölfle et al., 2011)
		Hesperetin	Hesperetin prevented UVA-induced MMP-1 in mouse skin from aging. Hesperetin was able to against UVB-induced skin damage.	(Chaiprasongsuk and Panich, 2022)(Saija et al., 1998)
		Naringenin	Naringenin was effective in preventing skin damage from UVB rays.	(Saija et al., 1998)
Tyrosinase inhibitor	▪Promoting topical whitening in animal models. .	Catechin	The catechin-rich Warburgia salutaris extract was able to inhibit HSP16 expression and promote DAF-16 nuclear localization in a dose-dependent manner. These results support the extract Elegans nematodes model's in vivo anti-aging potential.	(Abdelfattah et al., 2022)
		Hesperetin	In comparison to the non-treatment group, the hesperetin-loaded microemulsion in male guinea pigs significantly reduced skin irritation and promoted topical whitening.	(Tsai et al., 2010)
Elastase inhibitor	▪Reducing MMPs activity in the animal model.	Daidzein	Dietary phytoestrogens containing daidzein educed MMPs activity in male mice.	(Lu et al., 2014)
Collagenase inhibitor	▪Degradation collagen in a hairless animal model. ▪Promotion of collagen in the animal model.	Daidzein	Daidzein from soy isoflavones demonstrated good collagen breakdown in a hairless mice model. Daidzein activates the transforming growth factor β (TGF-beta/Smad) signal pathway, which promotes collagen synthesis.	(Kim et al., 2004) (Zhao et al., 2015)
		Glycitein	In a model using hairless mice, glycitein from soy isoflavones showed good collagen degradation.	(Kim et al., 2004)
Hyaluronidase inhibitor	▪Inhibition hyaluronidase activity in animal models.	Luteolin	Luteolin inhibited the hyaluronidase activity of venom dosage when administered to mice.	(Kuppusamy and Das 1991)
		Apigenin	Apigenin inhibited the hyaluronidase activity of venom dosage when administered to mice.	(Kuppusamy and Das 1991)