TABLE 2.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes by Intraventricular Hemorrhage Status, Imputed Data
| Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Age 5 | Children Alive at Age 5, N = 3129, Imputed Data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No IVH, N = 2109 (67.4%) | Grade 1 IVH, N = 535 (17.1%) | Grade 2 IVH, N = 372 (11.9%) | Grade 3 IVH, N = 78 (2.5%) | IPH, N = 35 (1.1%) | P a | |
| Overall neurodevelopmental disabilities b, % (95% CI) c | ||||||
| None | 47.8 (47.5–48.0) | 44.2 (43.7–44.7) | 45.6 (45.0–46.1) | 36.6 (35.4–37.9) | 45.6 (43.6–45.6) | <.001 |
| Mild | 35.4 (35.2–35.7) | 35.7 (35.2–36.1) | 35.0 (34.5–35.6) | 25.0 (23.9–26.2) | 18.9 (17.3–20.5) | |
| Moderate | 10.2 (10.1–10.4) | 11.0 (10.7–11.3) | 10.6 (10.2–10.9) | 23.7 (20.6–24.8) | 15.3 (14.0–16.8) | |
| Severe | 6.6 (6.5–6.7) | 9.1 (8.9–9.4) | 8.8 (8.5–9.2) | 14.7 (13.8–15.6) | 20.2 (18.6–21.8) | |
| Developmental coordination disorders d (N= 1534) | ||||||
| Total MABC-2 score ≤ fifth centile e, % (95% CI) c | 8.2 (8.1–8.4) | 10.2 (9.9–10.5) | 13.8 (13.4–14.3) | 13.0 (11.9–14.1) | 7.9 (6.6–9.5) | <.001 |
| Behavioral difficulties: | ||||||
| Total SDQ score ≥ 90th centile e, % (95% CI) c | 10.7 (10.5–10.8) | 12.1 (11.7–12.3) | 11.3 (10.9–11.7) | 9.9 (9.1–10.7) | 10.1 (9.0–11.4) | .80 |
| Full-scale IQ f | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 94.7 (16) | 93.6 (16) | 93.1 (16) | 89.1 (18) | 88.4 (20) | .04 |
| Total IQ score < −2 SD e (< 79), % (95% CI) c | 13.8 (13.7–14.0) | 15.8 (15.5–16.2) | 17.2 (16.8–17.7) | 24.8 (23.7–25.9) | 31.1 (29.2–32.9) | <.001 |
| Moderate or severe visual disability g, % (95% CI) c | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 7.5 (6.9–8.3) | 5.5 (4.7–6.5) | .009 |
| Moderate or severe hearing disability h, % (95% CI) c | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 3.8 (3.3–4.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | .09 |
| Cerebral palsy | ||||||
| All cerebral palsy, % (95% CI) c | 6.2 (6.1–6.3) | 8.9 (8.6–9.1) | 6.2 (5.9–6.1) | 19.7 (18.7–20.8) | 29.7 (27.9–31.5) | <.001 |
| By categories, % (95% CI) c | ||||||
| No cerebral palsy | 93.8 (93.7–93.9) | 91.1 (90.9–91.4) | 93.8 (93.5–94.1) | 80.3 (79.2–81.3) | 70.3 (68.5–72.1) | <.001 |
| Cerebral palsy GMFCS-1 | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 2.1 (1.9–2.2) | 1.9 (1.5–2.2) | 13.4 (12.1–14.8) | |
| Cerebral palsy GMFCS-2/5 | 3.9 (3.8–4.0) | 4.7 (4.5–4.9) | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 17.9 (16.9–18.9) | 16.3 (14.9–17.8) | |
| Epilepsy, % (95% CI) c | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 2.4 (2.2–2.5) | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 4.5 (4.0–5.1) | 6.4 (5.5–7.4) | <.001 |
| Autism spectrum disorders reported by parents, % (95% CI) c | 1.5 (1.4–1.5) | 2.9 (2.8–3.1) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 4.5 (4.0–5.1) | 2.3 (1.7–2.9) | <.001 |
| Developmental support i, % (95% CI) c | 40.5 (40.3–40.7) | 42.5 (42.1–43.0) | 45.2 (44.6–45.8) | 54.1 (52.8–55.4) | 52.9 (51.0–54.9) | .02 |
GMFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System; MABC-2, Movement Assessment Battery for Children, second edition; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
Pearson’s χ2 test for categorical variables and linear-model ANOVA for continuous variables.
Includes cerebral palsy, vision, hearing, full-scale IQ, developmental coordination disorders, and behavioral difficulties.
All percentages and means were weighted over the recruitment time (weighting factor 1.35 for children born at 27 to 31-wk’ gestation).
Among children without cerebral palsy, severe or moderate sensory disabilities, and with full-scale IQ > −2 SDs of the distribution related to the reference group born at term.
Cut-off point of the distribution related to the reference group of term-born children from the ELFE (Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance) cohort assessed with the EPIPAGE 2 follow-up protocol.
Full-scale IQ, measured by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, fourth edition.
Moderate or severe visual disability was defined as binocular visual acuity <3.2 of 10.
Moderate or severe hearing disability was defined as uni- or bilateral hearing loss (>70 dB) not corrected or partially corrected with a hearing aid.
Developmental support was defined as at least 2 consultations with a psychologist, psychiatrist, orthoptist, speech therapist, occupational therapist, or physiotherapist during the 12 last months; follow-up in any type of rehabilitation center; or schooling in special school.