Table 3.

Multivariable Analysis to Determine Risk Factors Independently Associated With BMD for Each of the Four Skeletal Sites

Parameter	β coefficient	95% CI	p	r 2
FN BMD (g/cm2)				0.37
Age (decade)	−0.035	(−0.042, −0.028)	<0.001
Sex (female)	−0.077	(−0.113, −0.040)	<0.001
HIV infection	−0.024	(−0.046, −0.002)	0.031
Grip strength	0.010	(−0.001, 0.021)	0.065
ALM/height2	0.047	(0.023, 0.070)	<0.001
Gait speed	0.013	(0.001, 0.024)	0.031
Fat mass	0.016	(−0.011, 0.043)	0.238
TH BMD (g/cm2)				0.36
Age (decade)	−0.024	(−0.031, −0.017)	<0.001
Sex (female)	−0.096	(−0.133, −0.060)	<0.001
HIV infection	−0.015	(−0.036, 0.007)	0.192
Grip strength	0.014	(0.003, 0.025)	0.012
ALM/height2	0.045	(0.022, 0.069)	<0.001
Gait speed	0.010	(−0.002, 0.021)	0.093
Fat mass	0.016	(−0.011, 0.042)	0.253
LS BMD (g/cm2)				0.19
Age (decade)	−0.025	(−0.033–0.016)	<0.001
Sex (female)	−0.103	(−0.146, −0.060)	<0.001
HIV infection	−0.009	(−0.035, 0.017)	0.511
Grip strength	0.016	(0.003, 0.029)	0.015
ALM/height2	0.009	(−0.019, 0.036)	0.528
Gait speed	−0.003	(−0.017, 0.010)	0.646
Fat mass	0.046	(0.014, 0.078)	0.005
TB-LH BMD (g/cm2)				0.48
Age (decade)	−0.010	(−0.015, −0.006)	<0.001
Sex (female)	−0.127	(−0.151, −0.103)	<0.001
HIV infection	−0.004	(−0.018, 0.010)	0.596
Grip strength	0.012	(0.005, 0.019)	0.001
ALM/height2	0.022	(0.006, 0.037)	0.005
Gait speed	0.005	(−0.002, 0.013)	0.161
Fat mass	0.002	(−0.016, 0.019)	0.863

β coefficient represents the SD increase in BMD per SD increase in continuous exposures, or decade increase in age, being female versus male, or having HIV+ versus HIV−. Each β coefficient is adjusted for the other six variables in each model. r² indicates the proportion of variance in the BMD outcome explained by the seven variables in the model.

ALM = appendicular lean mass; BMD = bone mineral density; CI = confidence interval; FN = femoral neck; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; LS = lumbar spine; TB-LH = total body less head; TH = total hip.