Table 3.

Distributions of psychological distress, spiritual well-being and pain at different time points

Variable	At admission		One week after admission
	Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD	t	p
Pain relieved (N = 40)
Depression	11.18 ± 5.43		9.51 ± 5.31	2.045	0.048
Anxiety	11.03 ± 5.01		9.43 ± 4.31	2.257	0.03
Meaning	9.41 ± 3.27		9.45 ± 3.55	-0.13	0.897
Peace	7.43 ± 3.06		7.97 ± 2.62	-1.35	0.185
Faith	6.04 ± 4.24		7.61 ± 4.15	-2.376	0.022
Pain	7.89 ± 1.87		5.23 ± 2.37	8.751	< 0.001
Pain not relieved (N = 44)
Depression	9.94 ± 5.43		10.36 ± 5.61	-0.693	0.492
Anxiety	9.48 ± 4.84		9.5 ± 5.14	-0.033	0.973
Meaning	9.77 ± 3.99		8.98 ± 3.92	1.752	0.087
Peace	8.25 ± 3.41		7.86 ± 3.46	0.77	0.445
Faith	7.59 ± 5.37		6.92 ± 4.92	1.127	0.266
Pain	5.39 ± 3.48		6.55 ± 3.06	-4.397	< 0.001
High optimism (N = 42)
Depression	7.59 ± 4.67		7.44 ± 4.77	0.211	0.834
Anxiety	7.98 ± 4.56		7.57 ± 4.21	0.682	0.499
Meaning	11.78 ± 2.89		10.88 ± 3.28	2.179	0.035
Peace	9.65 ± 2.98		8.45 ± 3.41	2.711	0.01
Faith	9.79 ± 4.49		8.88 ± 4.47	1.384	0.174
Pain	5.56 ± 3.44		5.35 ± 2.76	0.493	0.625
Low optimism (N = 42)
Depression	13.47 ± 4.49		12.48 ± 4.94	1.289	0.205
Anxiety	12.45 ± 4.32		11.36 ± 4.51	1.378	0.176
Meaning	7.41 ± 2.96		7.53 ± 3.42	-0.303	0.763
Peace	6.07 ± 2.45		7.38 ± 2.63	-3.255	0.002
Faith	3.9 ± 3.24		5.61 ± 4.07	-3.006	0.005
Pain	7.6 ± 2.29		6.49 ± 2.78	2.989	0.005
High general self-efficacy (N = 42)
Depression	9.48 ± 5.54		8.9 ± 5.72	0.923	0.361
Anxiety	9.48 ± 5.42		8.76 ± 4.83	1.034	0.307
Meaning	10.49 ± 3.89		10.05 ± 3.8	1.054	0.298
Peace	8.82 ± 3.67		8.3 ± 3.55	0.991	0.327
Faith	8.85 ± 5.39		8.17 ± 5.03	1.061	0.295
Pain	6.04 ± 3.33		5.7 ± 3.04	0.914	0.366
Low general self-efficacy (N = 42)
Depression	11.57 ± 5.18		11.01 ± 5.01	0.68	0.5
Anxiety	10.95 ± 4.39		10.17 ± 4.58	1.096	0.279
Meaning	8.69 ± 319		8.35 ± 3.51	0.85	0.4
Peace	6.9 ± 2.47		7.52 ± 2.49	-1.612	0.115
Faith	4.85 ± 3.36		6.32 ± 3.87	-2.382	0.022
Pain	7.12 ± 2.74		6.14 ± 2.59	2.248	0.03

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation