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. 2023 Apr 4;15:71. doi: 10.1186/s13195-023-01209-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Comparison of PET and blood biomarkers of Aβ deposition and glial reactivity and their association with cognitive performance and brain structure. Higher cortical composite ¹¹C-PiB-binding (A) but not plasma Aβ_1-42/1–40 (B) was associated with lower entorhinal volumes and lower scores in the Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiatives preclinical cognitive composite (APCC) battery. C Cortical composite ¹¹C-PK11195 PET was associated only with lower hippocampal and entorhinal volume, whereas D elevated plasma GFAP levels were associated with lower APCC and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. The results are shown as standardized estimates (betas) derived from liner models adjusted for age, sex, and education (and used MRI scanner for structural variables). CERAD_TS, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease total score; V_T, total volume