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. 2023 Apr 4;16:60. doi: 10.1186/s13068-023-02301-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Fuel performance characterization of olefinic ester blends provided A 10% bOS by volume improvements (in red) that correlate with increased ester unsaturation and branching. Arrows loosely follow structural increases in unsaturation or chain length. B RON (solid line) and OS (dashed line) of prenyl acetate, isoprenyl acetate, and isoamyl acetate at 10%, 20%, and 30% blending by volume. Synergistic RON blending and strong OS boosting were exhibited for both prenyl and isoprenyl acetate in a 4-component surrogate gasoline fuel and RD587 (research gasoline fuel), respectively