Table 3.
Carbapenem resistance (R) and resistance determinants in Escherichia coli isolates: data from all years
| Findings in reports from all study years meeting criteria for generalizability | Identified resistance determinants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nations | Number of reports | Specimens in all reports | Any R | Reports meeting criteria | Total specimens meeting criteria | Range of specimens among studies | Resistant specimens (#) | Resistant specimens (%) | |
| Algeria | 33 | 4304 | Y | 15 | 4201 | 30—1184 | 13 | 0.3 | NDM-5, OXA-48, OXA-181, VIM-19 |
| Angola | 2 | 52 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA-181 |
| Benin | 6 | 692 | Y | 5 | 687 | 84–221 | 18 | 2.6 | |
| Botswana | 1 | 27 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Burkina Faso | 12 | 787 | Y | 6 | 743 | 26–296 | 5 | 0.7 | GES, OXA, OXA-181 |
| Cameroon | 11 | 330 | Y | 6 | 313 | 21–163 | 7 | 2.2 | NDM-4 |
| Cape Verde | 1 | 1 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| CAR | 2 | 84 | N | 2 | 84 | 33–51 | 0 | 0 | |
| Chad | 8 | 402 | Y | 5 | 382 | 31–128 | 6 | 1.6 | NDM-5, OXA, OXA-181 |
| Congo | 2 | 112 | Y | 2 | 112 | 23–89 | 4 | 3.6 | OXA-48 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 4 | 145 | Y | 2 | 121 | 57–64 | 0 | 0 | |
| DRC | 3 | 451 | N | 3 | 451 | 21–376 | 0 | 0 | |
| Djibouti | 2 | 32 | Y | 1 | 31 | – | 0 | 0 | OXA-48 |
| Egypt | 106 | 8657 | Y | 56 | 7549 | 20–3177 | 425 | 5.6 | KPC, GES, IMP, NDM, NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA-48, OXA-181, VIM, VIM-1, VIM-2 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1 | 39 | N | 1 | 39 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Eritrea | 1 | 14 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Ethiopia | 19 | 1794 | Y | 12 | 1729 | 31–235 | 54 | 3.1 | KPC |
| Gabon | 4 | 142 | N | 3 | 133 | 30–57 | 0 | 0 | |
| Gambia | 1 | 8 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Ghana | 15 | 621 | Y | 9 | 568 | 25–124 | 27 | 4.8 | NDM-1, OXA-48 |
| Guinea | 1 | 1 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 83 | N | 1 | 83 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Kenya | 26 | 10,654 | Y | 18 | 10,554 | 25–5165 | 57 | 0.5 | |
| Libya | 17 | 1387 | Y | 8 | 1154 | 75–346 | 62 | 5.4 | OXA-48 |
| Madagascar | 14 | 1381 | Y | 8 | 1355 | 31–672 | 7 | 0.5 | |
| Malawi | 4 | 2601 | Y | 2 | 2592 | 657–1935 | 54 | 2.1 | NDM-5, OXA-48 |
| Mali | 4 | 211 | Y | 3 | 210 | 31–132 | 25 | 11.9 | NDM-4, OXA-181 |
| Mauritania | 1 | 366 | Y | 1 | 366 | – | 4 | 1.1 | |
| Mauritius | 4 | 202 | Y | 1 | 183 | – | 5 | 2.7 | OXA-181 |
| Morocco | 24 | 3585 | Y | 10 | 3459 | 49–1174 | 41 | 1.2 | IMP-1, OXA-48 |
| Mozambique | 6 | 188 | Y | 3 | 161 | 35–75 | 0 | 0 | |
| Namibia | 1 | 23 | N | 1 | 23 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Niger | 5 | 720 | Y | 3 | 502 | 27–434 | 0 | 0 | OXA-181 |
| Nigeria | 82 | 5072 | Y | 43 | 4161 | 21–400 | 319 | 7.7 | GES, NDM, OXA, OXA-48, OXA-181, VIM |
| Rwanda | 7 | 3009 | Y | 6 | 3002 | 55–2473 | 201 | 6.7 | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 1 | 30 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | OXA-181 |
| Senegal | 10 | 581 | Y | 4 | 554 | 33–398 | 1 | 0.2 | OXA-48 |
| Sierra Leone | 5 | 14 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | DIM-1, OXA-58, VIM |
| Somalia | 1 | 27 | N | 1 | 27 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| South Africa | 69 | 36,224 | Y | 41 | 35,930 | 20–14,348 | 333 | 0.9 | NDM, NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA-48, VIM, VIM-1 |
| South Sudan | 1 | 65 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Sudan | 12 | 1085 | Y | 4 | 978 | 71–458 | 72 | 7.4 | IMP, NDM |
| Tanzania | 29 | 1977 | Y | 16 | 1793 | 20–837 | 18 | 1 | KPC, IMP, NDM, OXA-48, VIM |
| Togo | 6 | 238 | Y | 2 | 109 | 35–74 | 1 | 0.9 | |
| Tunisia | 34 | 23,696 | Y | 17 | 23,619 | 31–9485 | 214 | 0.9 | KPC-2, NDM-1, OXA-48 |
| Uganda | 17 | 1532 | Y | 6 | 1302 | 22–930 | 167 | 12.8 | KPC, IMP, OXA-48, VIM |
| Zambia | 3 | 477 | Y | 3 | 477 | 56–343 | 341 | 71.5 | |
| Zimbabwe | 3 | 204 | Y | 2 | 203 | 23–180 | 27 | 13.3 | |
| All reporting countries | 622 | 114,327 | Y | 332 | 109,940 | 20–14,348 | 2508 | 2.3** | |
Y One or more resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
N No resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
**Calculation should not be considered an estimate of overall resistance due to varying totals of specimens meeting criteria across nations
–Data not available