Table 4.
Carbapenem resistance (R) and resistance determinants in Klebsiella spp. isolates: data from all years
| Findings in reports from all study years meeting criteria for generalizability | Identified resistance determinants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nations | Number of reports | Specimens in all reports | Any R | Reports meeting criteria | Total specimens meeting criteria | Range of specimens among studies | Resistant specimens (#) | Resistant specimens (%) | |
| Algeria | 37 | 2174 | Y | 12 | 1968 | 24–608 | 25 | 1.3 | KPC-3, NDM, NDM-1, OXA-48, VIM-19 |
| Angola | 2 | 49 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA-181 |
| Benin | 2 | 51 | Y | 1 | 41 | – | 1 | 2.4 | |
| Botswana | 1 | 40 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Burkina Faso | 13 | 297 | N | 4 | 242 | 20–109 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cameroon | 7 | 299 | Y | 4 | 276 | 28–99 | 5 | 1.8 | |
| CAR | 3 | 77 | N | 2 | 67 | 24–43 | 0 | 0 | |
| Chad | 4 | 87 | Y | 3 | 86 | 23–35 | 1 | 1.2 | OXA |
| Congo | 1 | 12 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 5 | 237 | Y | 4 | 229 | 22–107 | 0 | 0 | |
| DRC | 2 | 167 | Y | 2 | 167 | 21–146 | 1 | 0.6 | |
| Egypt | 125 | 7320 | Y | 59 | 5501 | 20–594 | 1545 | 28.1 | KPC, KPC-2, IMP, IMP-1, NDM, NDM-1, OXA-48, VIM, VIM-1, VIM-2 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1 | 30 | Y | 1 | 30 | – | 1 | 3.3 | |
| Ethiopia | 27 | 808 | Y | 9 | 675 | 30–154 | 78 | 11.6 | KPC, NDM-1 |
| Gabon | 5 | 161 | Y | 2 | 146 | 67–79 | 0 | 0 | NDM-7 |
| Gambia | 1 | 9 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Ghana | 15 | 537 | Y | 10 | 505 | 20–107 | 85 | 16.8 | NDM, OXA-48 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 91 | N | 1 | 91 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Kenya | 25 | 1471 | Y | 15 | 1419 | 25–272 | 131 | 9.2 | KPC, NDM, NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA-48, OXA-58, VIM |
| Libya | 22 | 709 | Y | 8 | 514 | 24–158 | 202 | 39.3 | KPC, NDM, NDM-1, OXA-48 |
| Madagascar | 12 | 472 | Y | 6 | 418 | 22–122 | 13 | 3.1 | NDM-1 |
| Malawi | 7 | 1315 | Y | 2 | 1276 | 173–1103 | 60 | 4.7 | KPC-2, OXA-48 |
| Mali | 2 | 67 | Y | 2 | 67 | 26–41 | 7 | 10.4 | |
| Mauritania | 1 | 137 | N | 1 | 137 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Mauritius | 6 | 235 | Y | 2 | 222 | 104–118 | 13 | 5.9 | NDM-1, OXA-181 |
| Morocco | 39 | 1784 | Y | 10 | 1380 | 24–389 | 69 | 5 | IMP-1, NDM-1, OXA-48, VIM-1 |
| Mozambique | 4 | 63 | N | 1 | 21 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Namibia | 5 | 313 | Y | 2 | 303 | 23–280 | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Niger | 2 | 21 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Nigeria | 80 | 4111 | Y | 42 | 3524 | 21–600 | 318 | 9 | GES, NDM, NDM-1, NDM-5, OXA, OXA-48, OXA-181, VIM |
| Rwanda | 6 | 1222 | Y | 5 | 1214 | 22–975 | 108 | 8.9 | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 1 | 4 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | OXA-181 |
| Senegal | 11 | 249 | Y | 5 | 173 | 21–40 | 2 | 1.2 | OXA-48 |
| Sierra Leone | 4 | 15 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | DIM-1, OXA-58, VIM |
| South Africa | 109 | 45,588 | Y | 53 | 42,915 | 20–15,589 | 4214 | 9.8 | KPC, KPC-2, GES, IMP, NDM, NDM-1, OMP, OXA, OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, VIM, VIM-1 |
| Sudan | 10 | 988 | Y | 5 | 940 | 21–404 | 98 | 10.4 | IMP, NDM |
| Tanzania | 26 | 947 | Y | 14 | 790 | 20–139 | 16 | 2 | KPC, IMP, NDM, OXA-48, VIM |
| Togo | 4 | 165 | Y | 1 | 86 | – | 3 | 3.5 | OXA-181 |
| Tunisia | 70 | 12,842 | Y | 26 | 12,117 | 21–2826 | 1417 | 11.7 | KPC, NDM, NDM-1, OMP, OXA-48, OXA-58, OXA-232, VIM, VIM-4 |
| Uganda | 16 | 319 | Y | 3 | 116 | 22–55 | 14 | 12.1 | KPC, IMP, NDM-1, OXA-48, VIM |
| Zambia | 4 | 683 | Y | 4 | 683 | 58–432 | 435 | 63.7 | |
| Zimbabwe | 1 | 130 | Y | 1 | 130 | – | 10 | 7.7 | |
| All reporting countries | 719 | 86,296 | Y | 322 | 78,469 | 20–15,589 | 8873 | 11.3** | |
Y One or more resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
N No resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
**Calculation should not be considered an estimate of overall resistance due to varying totals of specimens meeting criteria across nations
–Data not available