Table 8.
Polymyxin (colistin and polymyxin B) resistance (R) and resistance determinants in Klebsiella spp. isolates: data from all years
| Findings in reports from all study years meeting criteria for generalizability | Identified resistance determinants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nations | Number of reports | Specimens in all reports | Any R | Reports meeting criteria | Total specimens meeting criteria | Range of specimens among studies | Resistant specimens (#) | Resistant specimens (%) | |
| Algeria | 17 | 2249 | Y | 11 | 2235 | 13–1184 | 1 | < 0.1 | mcr-1 |
| Angola | 1 | 23 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Benin | 2 | 97 | N | 1 | 92 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Burkina Faso | 3 | 262 | Y | 3 | 262 | 26–205 | 40 | 15.3 | |
| Cameroon | 3 | 41 | Y | 1 | 30 | – | 30 | 100 | |
| Chad | 1 | 18 | N | 1 | 18 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Congo | 1 | 89 | N | 1 | 89 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1 | 177 | Y | 1 | 177 | – | 14 | 7.9 | |
| Djibouti | 1 | 31 | N | 1 | 31 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Egypt | 28 | 1276 | Y | 14 | 678 | 11–212 | 32 | 4.7 | mcr-1, mgrB, phoPQ/pmrAB |
| Eritrea | 1 | 14 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Ethiopia | 4 | 163 | Y | 3 | 150 | 17–78 | 76 | 50.7 | |
| Ghana | 1 | 49 | Y | 1 | 49 | – | 3 | 6.1 | |
| Kenya | 2 | 7 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Libya | 3 | 127 | N | 2 | 126 | 51–75 | 0 | 0 | |
| Malawi | 1 | 8 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Mali | 1 | 47 | N | 1 | 47 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Mauritania | 1 | 366 | Y | 1 | 366 | – | 6 | 1.6 | |
| Mauritius | 1 | 183 | N | 1 | 183 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Morocco | 6 | 896 | Y | 4 | 890 | 51–398 | 47 | 5.3 | |
| Mozambique | 1 | 33 | N | 1 | 33 | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Niger | 1 | 21 | Y | 1 | 21 | – | 4 | 19 | |
| Nigeria | 32 | 1757 | Y | 21 | 1607 | 12–568 | 674 | 41.9 | mcr-1 |
| Rwanda | 1 | 2473 | Y | 1 | 2473 | – | 35 | 1.4 | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 1 | 1 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | mcr-1 |
| Senegal | 1 | 33 | Y | 1 | 33 | – | 1 | 3 | |
| Somalia | 1 | 27 | N | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | |
| South Africa | 18 | 2665 | Y | 10 | 2605 | 16–683 | 98 | 3.8 | mcr-1, mgrB, phoPQ/pmrAB |
| Sudan | 1 | 71 | Y | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | mcr-1 |
| Tanzania | 2 | 99 | Y | 1 | 30 | – | 0 | 0 | mcr-1 |
| Togo | 3 | 80 | Y | 1 | 74 | – | 1 | 1.4 | |
| Tunisia | 15 | 15,852 | Y | 10 | 15,839 | 26–12,574 | 24 | 0.2 | |
| Uganda | 2 | 66 | Y | 1 | 61 | – | 10 | 16.4 | |
| All reporting countries | 158 | 29,301 | Y | 95 | 28,199 | 11–12,574 | 1096 | 3.9** | |
Y one or more resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
N No resistant isolates identified phenotypically or genotypically
**Calculation should not be considered an estimate of overall resistance due to varying totals of specimens meeting criteria across nations
–Data not available