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. 2023 Apr 2;15(1):2197779. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2197779

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 5. — Inflammation-Mediated Polymicrobial Emergence and Dysbiotic Exacerbation (IMPEDE) model. According to this proposed model, plaque-induced periodontitis is mainly derived from inflammation. This model consists of 5 stages: stage 1: gingivitis, stage 2: emergence of polymicrobial diversity in early periodontitis, stage 3: inflammation mediated dysbiosis and opportunistic infection, and stage 4: late stage of periodontitis. Adapted from Van Dyke et al., 2020 [147].