Table 2.

Comparison of E-learning and In-person methods in medical students’ learning outcomes based on background characteristics

Variables		Learning Environment Mean ± Standard Deviation			P-value	T**	df
		In-person	E-learning	Difference
Gender	Female	14.9 ± 1.8	15.8 ± 1.6	1 ± 1.6	< 0.001	-4.7	60
	Male	15 ± 1.5	15.7 ± 1.5	0.6 ± 1.2	< 0.001	-4.2	64
	P-value	0.53	0.606	0.205
	T* df	-0.6 124	0.5 124	1.3 124
Age (Years)	≤ 21	15.3 ± 1.6	16 ± 1.7	0.6 ± 1.2	< 0.001	-3.8	48
	22–24	15 ± 1.4	15.9 ± 1.4	0.9 ± 1.4	< 0.001	-4.9	48
	≥ 25	14.6 ± 1.6	15.3 ± 1.1	0.7 ± 1.7	0.047	-2.1	24
	P-value	0.117	0.132	0.546
	F	2.2	2.1	0.6
	df	2, 120	2, 120	2, 120
Residency Status	Native	14.8 ± 1.5	15.8 ± 1.3	1 ± 1.3	< 0.001	-5.7	58
	Non-native	15.2 ± 1.6	15.8 ± 1.6	0.6 ± 1.4	= 0.001	-3.4	63
	P-value	0.129	0.992	0.085
	T*	-1.5	-0.0	1.7
	df	121	121	121
Type of Admission	Free Tuition	15.1 ± 1.6	15.8 ± 1.5	0.7 ± 1.4	< 0.001	-5.2	103
	Paying Tuition	14.4 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 1.1	1 ± 1.2	0.009	-3.1	13
	International	15.2 ± 0.6	16.5 ± 1	1.3 ± 0.4	0.002	-6.8	4
	P-value	0.247	0.279	0.533
	F	1.4	1.3	0.6
	df	2, 120	2, 120	2, 120
Grade Point Average (GPA)	< 14	13.1 ± 1	14.7 ± 1.1	1.6 ± 1.4	< 0.001	-4.6	15
	14–17	14.8 ± 1.2	15.5 ± 1.3	0.7 ± 1.4	< 0.001	-4.7	78
	> 17	16.8 ± 0.9	17.2 ± 1.1	0.4 ± 1.1	0.043	-2.0	27
	P-value	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	0.022
	F	62.1	26.4	4
	df	2, 120	2, 120	2, 120

T^*: Independent Sample T-Test; T^**: Paired T-Test; F: Analysis of Variance