Table 1.
Patient Characteristics Stratified by Normal/Mild Versus Moderate/Severe Sleep Disturbance
| Characteristic | Total (N = 962) |
Normal/mild sleep disturbance (N = 565) |
Moderate/severe sleep disturbance (N = 397) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 49.6 ± 13.7 | 50.0 ± 14.5 | 49.1 ± 12.5 | 0.31a2 |
| Gender | 0.41c | |||
| Female | 721 (74.9) | 418 (74.0) | 303 (76.3) | |
| Male | 241 (25.1) | 147 (26.0) | 94 (23.7) | |
| Race | 0.003c | |||
| White | 788 (81.9) | 483 (85.5) | 305 (76.8) | |
| Black | 125 (13.0) | 60 (10.6) | 65 (16.4) | |
| Other | 49 (5.1) | 22 (3.9) | 27 (6.8) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 31.6 ± 7.7 | 31.2 ± 7.5 | 32.1 ± 8.0 | 0.11a1 |
| Time since positive test, (months) | 6.7 ± 4.2 | 6.8 ± 4.2 | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 0.28a1 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Asthma | 149 (15.5) | 79 (14.0) | 70 (17.6) | 0.12c |
| Chronic fatigue | 4 (0.42) | 2 (0.35) | 2 (0.50) | 0.99d |
| COPD | 21 (2.2) | 12 (2.1) | 9 (2.3) | 0.88c |
| Coronary artery disease | 28 (2.9) | 12 (2.1) | 16 (4.0) | 0.083c |
| Dementia | 1 (0.10) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.25) | 0.41d |
| Diabetes | 77 (8.0) | 38 (6.7) | 39 (9.8) | 0.081c |
| Heart failure | 13 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 5 (1.3) | 0.84c |
| Hypertension | 202 (21.0) | 118 (20.9) | 84 (21.2) | 0.92c |
| Interstitial lung disease | 3 (0.31) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.76) | 0.070d |
| Obesity | 85 (8.8) | 52 (9.2) | 33 (8.3) | 0.63c |
| Pulmonary embolism | 21 (2.2) | 12 (2.1) | 9 (2.3) | 0.88c |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 5 (0.52) | 5 (0.88) | 0 (0.00) | 0.081d |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 9 (0.94) | 3 (0.53) | 6 (1.5) | 0.17d |
| COVID-19 severity | ||||
| Hospitalization | 0.017c | |||
| Missing | 16 (1.7) | 10 (1.8) | 6 (1.5) | |
| No | 683 (71.0) | 420 (74.3) | 263 (66.2) | |
| Yes | 263 (27.3) | 135 (23.9) | 128 (32.2) | |
| Intensive care unit stay | 0.98c | |||
| Missing | 13 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 5 (1.3) | |
| No | 898 (93.3) | 527 (93.3) | 371 (93.5) | |
| Yes | 51 (5.3) | 30 (5.3) | 21 (5.3) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0.99c | |||
| Missing | 14 (1.5) | 8 (1.4) | 6 (1.5) | |
| No | 929 (96.6) | 546 (96.6) | 383 (96.5) | |
| Yes | 19 (2.0) | 11 (1.9) | 8 (2.0) | |
| Patient-reported outcomes | ||||
| GAD-2* | 2.2 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | < 0.001a2 |
| PHQ-2* | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.001a2 |
| PROMIS Global Mental Healthɫ* | 41.5 ± 9.2 | 44.0 ± 8.8 | 37.9 ± 8.6 | < 0.001a1 |
| PROMIS Global Physical Healthɫ* | 39.7 ± 8.6 | 42.1 ± 8.3 | 36.2 ± 7.7 | < 0.001a1 |
| PROMIS fatigue* | 62.7 ± 9.1 | 60.2 ± 8.8 | 66.2 ± 8.2 | < 0.001a1 |
| Moderate/severe fatigue* | 593 (67.2) | 294 (57.1) | 299 (81.5) | < 0.001c |
| Severe fatigue* | 192 (21.8) | 64 (12.4) | 128 (34.9) | < 0.001c |
| PROMIS Sleep Disturbance | 57.8 ± 8.4 | 52.3 ± 5.3 | 65.5 ± 5.3 | < 0.001a1 |
| Neuro-QoL Cognitive Function* | 39.4 ± 10.0 | 41.6 ± 10.0 | 36.4 ± 9.2 | < 0.001a1 |
| Sleep study variables (N = 48) | ||||
| Study type | 0.61d | |||
| Home sleep apnea test | 44 (91.7) | 22 (95.7) | 22 (88.0) | |
| Polysomnogram | 4 (8.3) | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | |
| AHI total | 15.4 ± 18.9 | 18.7 ± 24.4 | 12.4 ± 11.8 | 0.27a2 |
| Mean oxygen saturation (%)* | 92.0 ± 2.3 | 91.5 ± 2.8 | 92.5 ± 1.6 | 0.14a2 |
| % Sleep time O2 < 90 (T90)* | 12.1 [2.8,73.3] | 16.5 [3.5, 83.2] | 9.3 [1.8, 44.3] | 0.32a2 |
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GAD-2, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionaire-2; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
*Data not available for all subjects. Missing values: BMI (kg/m2) = 90; GAD-2 = 136; PHQ-2 = 135; PROMIS Global Mental Health = 38; PROMIS Global Physical Health = 30; PROMIS Fatigue = 80; moderate/severe fatigue = 80; severe fatigue = 80; Neuro-QoL Cognitive Function = 126; mean oxygen saturation (%) = 1; sleep time O2 under 90 (%) = 2
ɫHigher scores indicate better health/functioning
Comparisons across sleep disturbance categories were made using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables
Statistics presented as mean ± SD, N (column %). p-values: a1 = t-test, a2 = Satterthwaite t-test, c = Pearson’s chi-square test, d = Fisher’s exact test