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. 2023 Apr 4;13:5516. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30667-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Genetic clades of influenza A viruses that previously circulated in Uganda during the 2010–2018 seasons. All labelled clades (indicated by black bars) were inferred based on the signature amino acid substitutions in the HA1 protein indicated on the tree trunk in bold. (A) Shows clades for 2010–2018 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Novel clades H1-UG1 and H1-UG2 are indicated. Genetic clade 6 diverged into 6A, 6B, and 6C. All clade 3, 5, and 7 viruses were collected from Entebbe and Kampala (Central Uganda) and circulated in 2010–2011. (B) Shows clades for 2010–2017 A(H3N2) viruses. A novel clade H3-UG1 is indicated. Clade 3 persisted in all 9 years. A similar figure with the full sequence names is provided in Supplementary Fig. 5.