Table 2.

Animal studies to evaluate bacteriophages’ efficacy in treating Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Target Bacteria	Bacteriophage preparation	Model Organism	Outcome	References
P. aeruginosa	Bacteriophage PEV20, inhalable powder at 2×107 PFU/mg	Mouse lung infection model	Bacterial load in the lungs was decreased in 24 hours, showing the feasibility of a pulmonary delivery	85
P. aeruginosa	Six bacteriophages at MOI of 0.05, 0.1, 1.0	Respiratory lung infection in mice	The highest MOI reduced the bacterial load within 6 hour	86
	Six bacteriophages at MOI of 25, 8	G. mellonella	Higher phage concentrations proved to be effective, and prevention was established.	86
P. aeruginosa	A bacteriophage KPP12 at 5×108 PFU	Murine infection model of keratitis	Suppression of neutrophil infiltration and bacterial clearance in the infected cornea	87
P. aeruginosa	Two bacteriophages at 1.2×109 PFU	Lung infection in Murine model	Bacteriophages were effective in decreasing both inflammation and bacterial load	66
A. baumannii	One phage at 1.2×1010 PFU/ml	Rat wound infection model	In bacteriophage-treated animals, bacteriophages decreased the number of bacteria in wound infection	70
A. baumannii	Four bacteriophages at 5×109 PFU	Mouse wound infection models	The Bacteriophage cocktail reduced the bacterial load drastically	71
A. baumannii	One bacteriophage at 107, 108, 109 PFU/mouse	Immunocompromised mouse model	Intravenous injection effectively rescued mice from Acinetobacter lung infection	72
A. baumannii	One bacteriophage at 5×108 PFU	Mouse local and systemic infection model	Phage Abp1 effectively reduced bacterial load in the wound and systemic infections	74
K. pneumoniae	One bacteriophage at 1010 PFU/ml	Murine burn wound infection model	A single phage application recovered infected mice	76
K. pneumoniae	One bacteriophage at 104 PFU/ml	G. mellonella infection model	Multiple doses of bacteriophages were required to obtain 100% larval survival	77
K. pneumoniae	One phage at 2×109 PFU/mouse	Mice infection model	In bacteriophage-treated groups, bacterial load decreases, and the lung lesion improves due to bacteriophage treatment	78
E. coli	One phage at 1×108 PFU/mouse	Intravenous mouse model	Infected mice were recovered when bacteriophages were administered within 3 hours post-infection	88
E. coli	Two phages, 536_P1 at 108 PFU/mouse	Mice infected with a bioluminescent strain	Intranasal administration obtained 100% survival	79
	536_P7 108 PFU/mouse	Mice infected with a ventilator-associated strain	The occurrence of new variant strains reduced the recovery rate	79
E. coli	One bacteriophage at 104 PFU/ml	G. mellonella infection model	Multiple doses of phages were required to obtain 100% larval survival	77