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Strategies of genetic engineering for phage genomes. (a) Phage genome can be edited by homologous recombination (HR) in vivo and CRISPR-Cas system. Exo, Gam and Beta are three components of the lambda red recombineering system. YAC: yeast artificial chromosomes. (b) Phage DNA fragments are assembled to become complete genome in the yeast, followed by transformation into the reboot host to produce activated phages.
