TABLE 5.
Perceived social stress as an antenatal risk factor for adverse outcomes in participants.
| Characteristic | Total n = 181 (%) | Normal outcome n = 72 (%) | Adverse outcome n = 109 (%) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Monochorionic n = 54 (%) | Dichorionic n = 127 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early pregnancy | Median (IQR) 14 (8) | Pseudo R 2 0.006 | p = 0.24 | |||
| Low stress score | 101 (55.8) | 44 (61.1) | 57 (52.3) | Reference | 38 (72.2) | 63 (49.6) |
| High stress score | 80 (44.2) | 28 (38.9) | 52 (47.7) | 1.43 (0.78–2.62) | 16 (29.6) | 64 (50.4) |
| Mid‐pregnancy | Median (IQR) 14 (7) | Pseudo R 2 0.01 | p = 0.13 | |||
| Low stress score | 69 (38.1) | 42 (59.7) | 51 (46.8) | Reference | 33 (61.1) | 60 (47.2) |
| High stress score | 84 (46.4) | 30 (41.7) | 58 (53.2) | 1.59 (0.87–2.90) | 21 (38.9) | 67 (52.8) |
| Missing data | 28 (15.5) | |||||
| Late pregnancy | Median (IQR) 11 (7) | Pseudo R 2 0.18 | p = 0.82 | |||
| Low stress score | 58 (32.0) | 38 (52.8) | 20 (18.3) | Reference | 9 (16.7) | 49 (38.6) |
| High stress score | 16 (8.8) | 10 (13.9) | 6 (5.5) | 1.14 (0.36–3.59) | 3 (5.6) | 13 (10.2) |
| Missing data | 107 (59.1) | 42 (77.8) | 65 (51.2) | |||
| Overall social stress | Median 15 (IQR) (6) | Pseudo R 2 0.02 | p = 0.04 | |||
| Low stress score | 117 (64.6) | 53 (73.6) | 64 (58.7) | Reference | 41 (75.9) | 51 (40.2) |
| High stress score | 64 (35.4) | 19 (26.4) | 45 (41.3) | 1.96 (1.03–3.75) | 13 (24.1) | 76 (59.8) |
Note: Data are presented as total values and percentages, also presented according to chorionicity; the median is expressed with the interquartile range (IQR). Early pregnancy (20 weeks) (n = 181), mid‐pregnancy (28 weeks) (n = 160), late pregnancy (36 weeks) (n = 79) approximately. The perceived stress scale (a 10‐item questionnaire, a tool used to measure individual stress levels, questions have a score 0–4, values are added) was used to define perceived social stress, participants with values ≥15 were considered to have a high stress score at all gestations. The overall social stress score was assessed by adding available scores from each questionnaire and dividing by the number of questionnaires available (accounting for some participants not completing the last questionnaire).