Table 1.
Reported colonic perforations of biliary stents from 2000
| Year | Author | Indication for ERCP | Stent | Location | Manifestation | Treatment | Outcome |
| 2000 14 | Størkson | Malignant stenosis | Straight | Ileum | Pain/abscess | Laparotomy | Died after surgery |
| 200014 | Størkson | CBD stone/cholangitis | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/free perforation | Surgical primary closure | Uneventful |
| 200114 | Figueiras | Benign stricture | Straight | Left flexure | Cutaneous fistula | Removal through colocutaneous fistula | Uneventful |
| 200114 | Klein | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/peritonitis | Surgery | Uneventful |
| 200314 | Elliott | CBD stone/cholangitis | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/ileus | Hartmann procedure | Uneventful |
| 200314 | Diller | Benign stricture | Straight | Sigmoid | Asymptomatic | Endoscopic removal and sigmoidectomy | Perforation after endoscopic removal |
| 200314 | Wilhelm | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Pneumaturia/enterovesical fistula | Sigmoidectomy | Uneventful |
| 200315 | Cerisoli | Postoperative bile leakage | Straight | Cecum | Pain/serosa not perforated | Cecotomy | Uneventful |
| 200416 | Blake | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Colovaginal fistula | Low anterior resection | Uneventful |
| 200714 | Anderson | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/abscess | Endoscopic removal | Uneventful |
| 200714 | Namdar | Postoperative bile leakage | Straight | Rectum | Pain/peritonitis | Rectal resection | Uneventful |
| 200917 | Brinkley | Malignant stenosis | Straight | Right flexure | Fever/abscess | Percutaneous removal | Uneventful |
| 201114 | Jafferbhoy | Postoperative bile leakage | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain w/o peritonitis | Endoscopic removal and clip closure | Uneventful |
| 201114 | Lankisch | Malignant stenosis | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/abscess | Surgery | Uneventful |
| 201114 | Malgras | Malignant stenosis | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/peritonitis | Hartmann procedure | N/A |
| 201214 | Alcaide | CBD stone/stricture | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/peritonitis | Endoscopic removal and clip closure | Abscess (day 5, treated with antibiotics) |
| 201218 | Depuydt | Post-LT bile duct stricture | Straight | Rectum | Fever/minimal perirectal inflammation | Peranal stent removal | Uneventful |
| 201314 | Jones | Benign stricture | Straight | Cecum | Pain/no peritonitis | Endoscopic removal | Uneventful |
| 201614 | Chittleborough | CBD stone/cholangitis | Straight | Sigmoid | Sepsis/peritonitis | Hartmann procedure | Prolonged ileus, discharged after 18 d |
| 201714,19 | Siaperas | Postoperative CBD stricture | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/peritonitis | Hartmann procedure with colostomy | Uneventful |
| 201819 | Cano-Hoz | CBD stone/stricture | Straight | Sigmoid | Fever/hydronephrosis | Endoscopic removal and clip closure | Uneventful |
| 201914 | Riccardi | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/peritonitis | Hartmann procedure with colostomy | Perioperative NSTEMI |
| 201920 | Ramani | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/impaction in sacral foramen | Endoscopic removal | Uneventful |
| 202014 | Marcos | CBD stone | Straight | Sigmoid | Asymptomatic | Surgical primary closure | N/A |
| 202114 | Pengermä | Benign stricture | Straight | Appendix | Pain/appendicitis | Appendectomy | Abscess (day 10, treated with antibiotics) |
| 202114 | Tao | CBD stone/cholangitis | Straight | Sigmoid | Pain/free perforation | Sigmoidectomy + colostomy | Uneventful |
| 202114 | Park | CBD stone/cholangitis | Straight | Left colon | Pain/localized peritonitis | Right hemicolectomy | Uneventful |
| 201114 | Wagemakers | CBD stone | N/A | Sigmoid | Urinary tract infection/enterovesical fistula | Sigmoidectomy | Uneventful |
| 201514 | Mady | Malignant stenosis | N/A | Sigmoid | Sepsis/abscess | Hartmann procedure | Died from MOF |
| 201514 | Virgilio | CBD stone | N/A | Sigmoid | Pain/covered perforation | Endoscopic removal | N/A |
| 201514 | Virgilio | CBD stone | N/A | Sigmoid | Pain/free perforation | Hartmann procedure | N/A |
| 201714 | Chou | CBD stone | N/A | Sigmoid | Asymptomatic | Endoscopic removal and clip closure | Uneventful |
| 201014 | Bagul | Benign stricture | Pigtail | Sigmoid | Pain and groin abscess | Abscess exploration and stent removal | Uneventful |
CBD, common bile duct; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; LT, liver transplantation; MOF, multiple organ failure; N/A, not available; NSTEMI, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; op, operation.