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. 2023 Mar 21;14:1147985. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1147985

TABLE 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Variable Total Single-inhaler triple therapy (SITT) Multiple-inhaler triple therapy (MITT) p-value
N = 1328 N = 535 N = 793
Age (years), mean (SD) 64.9 (9.2) 65.3 (9.2) 64.6 (9.2) 0.146
Sex, n (%) 0.183
Male 1162 (87.5) 476 (89.0) 686 (86.5)
Female 166 (12.5) 59 (11.0) 107 (13.5)
Education, n (%) 0.327
Primary school 581 (43.8) 249 (46.5) 332 (41.9)
Junior high school 477 (36.0) 192 (35.6) 285 (35.9)
High school 200 (15.0) 69 (12.9) 131 (16.5)
University 70 (5.2) 25 (4.7) 45 (5.5)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) 23.2 (3.1) 22.6 (3.2) 23.4 (3.4) 0.106
Marriage status, n (%) 0.196
Married 1253 (93.4) 498 (92.2) 746 (94.0)
Unmarried 75 (6.6) 31 (17.8) 44 (6.0)
Smoking status, n (%) 0.392
Current smoker 519 (39.1) 215 (44.4) 304 (38.4)
Ex-smoker 556 (41.9) 228 (42.6) 328 (41.4)
Non-smoker 252 (19.0) 91 (17.0) 161 (20.3)
Biofuel exposure, n (%) 0.009
Yes 495 (37.3) 222 (41.5) 273 (34.4)
No 833 (63.7) 313 (58.5) 520 (65.6)
Occupational exposure, n (%) 0.203
Yes 546 (41.1) 231 (43.2) 315 (49.7)
No 782 (58.9) 304 (56.8) 478 (60.3)
CAT, mean (SD) 15.2 (7.1) 16.2 (6.8) 14.6 (7.1) < 0.001
mMRC, n (%) 0.013
0–1 273 (23.7) 111 (20.7) 212 (26.7)
2–4 878 (76.3) 424 (79.3) 581 (73.3)
CCQ, mean (SD) 21.9 ± 8.2 22.5 ± 8.5 21.5 ± 8.0 0.031
GOLD group 0.000
A 109 (8.2) 31 (5.8) 78 (9.8)
B 556 (41.9) 200 (37.4) 356 (44.9)
C 42 (3.2) 13 (2.4) 29 (3.7)
D 621 (46.8) 291 (54.4) 330 (41.6)
FEV1L, median (IQR) 1.1 (0.72) 1.1 (0.6) 1.2 (0.7) 0.011
FEV1 (% predicted), mean (SD) 48.6 (17.1) 46.1 (16.0) 50.1 (17.4) < 0.001
FEV1/FVC, mean ± SD 45.0 (12.6) 43.2 (11.5) 46.0 (12.5) 0.001
Exacerbations in the past year, median (IQR) 01) 01) 01) 0.117
Exacerbations, n (%) < 0.001
Yes 744 (56.0) 338 (63.2) 406 (51.2)
No 584 (44.0) 197 (36.8) 387 (48.8)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAT, COPD assessment test; CCQ, clinical COPD questionnaire; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICSs, inhaled corticosteroids; IQR, interquartile range; LABA, long-acting β-2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; MITT, multiple triple-inhaler therapy; SITT, single triple-inhaler therapy.