Table 1. Patient’s characteristics.
| Overall (n = 153) | suPAR < 6ng/mL | suPAR ≥ 6 ng/mL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group 2b (n = 48) | Control Group 1a (n = 49) | Anakinra group (n = 56) | |||
| p-valuec | |||||
| Age, years, median (quartiles) | 67 (55–77) | 63 (50–74) | 68 (60–79) | 67 (57–78) | 0.54 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 99/153 (64.7) | 28/48 (58) | 32/49 (65) | 39/56 (70) | 0.64 |
| Fully vaccinated, n (%) | 62/146 (42.8) | 20/45 (44) | 20/45 (44) | 22/55 (40) | 0.65 |
| BMI, median (quartiles) | 26.6 (24.1, 30.3) | 27.2 (22.6–31.7) | 26.8 (24.5–30.3) | 26.2 (24.7–28.7) | 0.91 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Smoking | 12/153 (7.8) | 3/48 (6.2) | 2/49 (4.1) | 7/56 (12) | 0.17 |
| COPD | 13/153 (8.5) | 4/48 (8.3) | 4/49 (8.2) | 5/56 (8.9) | >0.99 |
| High blood pressure | 72/153 (47.1) | 21/48 (44) | 24/49 (49) | 27/56 (48) | 0.94 |
| Coronary artery disease | 24/153 (15.8) | 1/48 (2.1) | 9/48 (19) | 14/56 (25) | 0.44 |
| Congestive heart failure | 7/153 (4.6) | 1/48 (2.1) | 3/49 (6.1) | 3/56 (5.4) | >0.99 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12/153 (7.8) | 2/48 (4.2) | 4/49 (8.2) | 6/56 (11) | 0.75 |
| Stroke | 7/153 (4.6) | 3/48 (6.2) | 4/49 (8.2) | 0/56 (0) | 0.044 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29/153 (18.9) | 6/48 (12) | 10/49 (20) | 12/56 (21) | >0.99 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (6.5) | 3/48 (6.2) | 2/49 (4.1) | 5/56 (8.9) | 0.44 |
| Symptom onset-admission, days, median (quartiles) | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) | 6.5 (5.0, 9.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 8.0) | 7.0 (3.8, 9.0) | 0.18 |
| Bacterial co-infection, n (%) | 7/153 (4.6) | 1/48 (2.1) | 5/49 (10) | 1/56 (1.8) | 0.10 |
| Bacterial supernfection, n (%) | 21 (13.7) | 5/48 (10) | 7/49 (14) | 9/56 (16) | 0.80 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio at baseline, mmHg, median (IQR) | 250 (206–283) | 274 (241–295) | 240 (196–269) | 240 (198–272) | 0.81 |
| Laboratory values at baseline, median (quartiles) | |||||
| Lymphocytes, cells/mm3 | 1010 (750–1395) | 1165 (880–1480) | 940 (740–1460) | 910 (730–1200) | 0.77 |
| WBC, cells/mm3 | 6440 (4735–8585) | 6335 (4195–9612) | 7030 (5045–8808) | 6200 (5005–8110) | 0.72 |
| IL-6, ng/L | 18 (8–46) | 13 (7–29) | 20 (8–59) | 32 (8–60) | 0.89 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 637 (276–1379) | 530 (253–1080) | 964 (375–1570) | 515 (246–1321) | 0.12 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 757 (534–1317) | 580 (367–1293) | 854 (618–1394) | 790 (575–1300) | 0.66 |
| CRP, mg/L | 71 (36–116) | 60 (20–94) | 106 (39–156) | 68 (39–124) | 0.26 |
| SCOPE score | 8 (6–9) | 6 (5–8) | 8 (6.3–10) | 8 (6.3–9) | 0.47 |
| suPAR, ng/mL | 6.9 (5.3–9.2) | 4.8 (4.1–5.3) | 9 (7–11.6) | 8 (6.8–9.8) | 0.14 |
| In-hospital therapy, n (%) | |||||
| Anakinra duration (days) | - | - | 6 (5, 8) | - | |
| Dexamethasone | 143/153 (94.1) | 41/47 (87) | 46/49 (94) | 56/56 (100) | 0.10 |
| Remdesivir | 49/153 (32) | 19/47 (40) | 12/49 (24) | 17/56 (30) | 0.58 |
| Tocilizumab | 11/153 (7.2) | 2/47 (4.3) | 9/49 (18) | 0/56 (0) | <0.001 |
| Monoclonal antibodies | 9/153 (5.9) | 6/47 (13) | 2/49 (4.1) | 1/56 (1.8) | 0.60 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU: intensive-care unit; HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula
a patients who retrospectively fulfilled the prescriptive criteria for anakinra but did not receive the drug.
b patients admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia but who presented with baseline suPAR < 6 ng/mL.
c p-values from the comparison between anakinra group and CG1.