Table 7.
Details of some other common drugs used in target therapy for the treatment of meningioma
| Drug name | Drug composition/molecular formula administration | Mechanism of action | Type of study | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiretrovirals survivin protein downregulation, preclinical: cell culture/in vitro | ||||||||
| Nelfinavir | C32H45N3O4S, orally administered | The anticancer mechanism of nelfinavir includes modulation of different cellular conditions, such as unfolded protein response, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, the proteasome pathway, oxidative stress, the tumor microenvironment, and multidrug efflux pumps | The HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir has anticancer properties | [130] | ||||
| Lopinavir | C37H48N4O5, orally administered | Cell cycle arrest | Lopinavir inhibits meningioma cell proliferation via Akt-independent mechanism | [131] | ||||
| Epigenetic inhibitor | ||||||||
| KDOAM-25 | Histone lysine demethylase 5 (KDM5) inhibitor | KDOAM-25 is a KDM5 enzyme inhibitor that increases H3K4me3 levels at lower concentrations in MCF-7 cells | Advances in multidisciplinary therapy for meningiomas | [132] | ||||
| Possible adjunctive agents | ||||||||
| Calcium channel blockers | Benzothiazepines, phenylalkylamines, and dihydropyridines | Reduction of intracellular calcium concentrations | Calcium channel antagonists have effects on in vitro meningioma signal transduction pathways after growth factor stimulation; preclinical: animal models | [133] | ||||
| Statins | Pharmacophores, which are dihydroxyheptanoic acid segments, such as simvastatin (SIM), fluvastatin (FLU), atorvastatin (ATO), rosuvastatin (ROS), lovastatin (LOV), pravastatin (PRA), and pitavastatin (PIT) | Inhibition of MAPK pathway | Statins and thiazolidinediones have cytotoxic effects on meningioma cells; preclinical: cell culture/in vitro | [134] | ||||
| TL4 inhibitors | ||||||||
| Ipilimumab | Antibody | Binding to TL4, preventing the escape of immune surveillance mechanisms, | Toll-like receptors are therapeutic targets in central nervous system tumors; preclinical: cell cultures/in vitro | [135] | ||||
| Integrin inhibitor | ||||||||
| Cilengitide | Cyclic Arg–Gly–Asp peptide with antiangiogenic activity | Cilengitide acts as a highly potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and induces apoptosis of growing endothelial cells via the inhibition of the interaction between integrins with their ECM ligands | The integrin inhibitor cilengitide affects meningioma cell motility and invasion | [72] | ||||
| BAPI inhibitor | ||||||||
| Tazamatostat | C34H44N4O4 | Tazemetostat is a cancer drug that acts as a potent selective EZH2 inhibitor. Tazemetostat blocks the activity of the EZH2 methyltransferase, which may help keep the cancer cells from growing | Distant metastases in meningioma: an underestimated problem | [136] | ||||
| Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 | ||||||||
| Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 | TFPI-2 functions in the maintenance of the stability of the tumor environment and inhibits invasiveness and growth of neoplasms, as well as metastasis formation; TFPI-2 has also been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis, which may contribute significantly to tumor growth inhibition | Restoration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibited invasion and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in a malignant meningioma cell line | [137] | |||||
| RNAi | Antisense abrogation of mRNA strands | Preclinical: cell culture/in vitro | ||||||