Table 8.
The utility of exosomes in brain tumor treatment
| EV source | Therapeutic cargo | Target | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EL4-4 T cells | Curcumin, JSI-124 | Microglial cells | Curcumin and JSI-124 are administered intranasally by encapsulating the drugs in exosomes; no surgery is required; can be used to treat inflammatory diseases | [278] |
| Mouse macrophage cell line | Catalase (antioxidant) | Endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes | Catalase administered intranasally has neuroprotective effects (in vitro and in vivo); can be used to treat inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease | [365] |
| Blood of kunming mice | Dopamine | Brain epithelial cells | Blood-derived exosomes can be delivered across the BBB via the transferrin–TfR interaction, with a > 15-fold increase in dopamine distribution observed, while toxicity decreased | [366] |
| Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modified with rabies virus glycoprotein | MicroRNA-124 | The ischemic cortex of the brain | microRNA-124 was proven to be neuroprotective and promote neurogenesis, leading to neuron remodeling; can be used for the treatment of ischemic injury | [367] |
| Brain endothelial bAND.3 | Vascular endothelial growth factor small interfering RNA | Neuronal glioblastoma, astrocytoma U-87, malignant glioma cells | Vascular endothelial growth factor RNA and protein level were inhibited by siRNA encapsulated in exosomes | [368] |
| Brain neuronal glioblastoma-astrocytoma U-87 MG cells, brain endothelial bAND.3 cells, neuroectodermal tumor PF SK-1 cells, and glioblastoma A-172 cells | Rhodamine 123, Paclitaxel, doxorubicin | Neuronal glioblastoma-astrocytoma U-87, malignant glioma cells | The success of this treatment strategy is attributed to a higher expression level of CD63 | [346] |
| HEK293T cells | MiRNA-21 | Brain tumor | Suppression of tumor growth; can pass through the BBB | [369] |
| The targeting ligand is the ApoA1 mimetic peptide | Methotrexate, KLA (Lys, Leu, Ala) | Glioma | Selective brain tumor treatment | [352] |
| MSCs | MiRNA-146b (In vivo) | Glioma | Intratumoral exosome injection significantly reduced tumor volume | [305] |
| MSCs | Anti-miR-9 (In vitro) | Glioblastoma multiforme | Reverse expression of miR-9 sensitized the GBM cells to TMZ, which increased cell death and caspase activity | [298] |
| HEK293T | CD-UPRT fusion protein | Schwannoma | Treatment of Schwannoma | [276] |