Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of cohort participants
| 9 years | 17 years | 24 years | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Male | Female | P-value | Male | Female | P-value | Male | Female | P-value | ||||||
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Anthropometry | |||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 1578 | 9.84 (0.30) | 1898 | 9.82 (0.29) | 0.207 | 1720 | 17.72 (0.32) | 2143 | 17.72 (0.34) | 0.753 | 955 | 24.58 (0.72) | 1502 | 24.50 (0.74) | 0.008 |
| Height (m) | 1567 | 1.40 (0.06) | 1866 | 1.39 (0.06) | 0.001 | 1694 | 1.79 (0.07) | 2112 | 1.65 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 950 | 1.80 (0.07) | 1484 | 1.66 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| aWeight (kg) | 1574 | 32.80 (7.60) | 1897 | 33.40 (9.0) | 0.026 | 1697 | 69.40 (14.45) | 2114 | 60.40 (13.50) | <0.0001 | 949 | 77.80 (17.65) | 1484 | 64.65 (17.10) | <0.0001 |
| Somatic maturation (n,%) | 1542 | 0 | 1846 | 20 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 1601 | 1601 (100) | 1927 | 1927 (100) | NA | NA | ||||
| Ethnicity- White (n,%) | 1566 | 1498 (95.7) | 1925 | 1848 (96.0) | 0.670 | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Body composition | |||||||||||||||
| aTotal fat mass (kg) | 1508 | 5.65 (4.93) | 1799 | 8.47 (5.99) | <0.0001 | 1676 | 10.28 (9.81) | 2080 | 19.24 (10.44) | <0.0001 | 928 | 17.91 (10.35) | 1436 | 22.12 (11.91) | <0.0001 |
| aTrunk fat mass (kg) | 1508 | 2.02 (2.01) | 1799 | 3.26 (2.83) | <0.0001 | 1676 | 5.30 (5.46) | 2080 | 9.46 (5.63) | <0.0001 | 928 | 8.79 (6.50) | 1436 | 9.91 (6.65) | <0.0001 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 1508 | 25.25 (3.75) | 1799 | 23.26 (3.84) | <0.0001 | 1676 | 54.83 (8.13) | 2080 | 37.68 (5.16) | <0.0001 | 928 | 56.09 (10.07) | 1436 | 40.82 (6.79) | <0.0001 |
| aTotal fat mass index (kg/m2) | 1500 | 2.89 (2.37) | 1767 | 4.37 (2.98) | <0.0001 | 1665 | 3.18 (3.09) | 2072 | 7.03 (3.67) | <0.0001 | 926 | 5.57 (3.27) | 1434 | 7.96 (4.33) | <0.0001 |
| aTrunk fat mass index (kg/m2) | 1500 | 1.02 (0.98) | 1767 | 1.70 (1.40) | <0.0001 | 1665 | 1.64 (1.70) | 2072 | 3.46 (2.00) | <0.0001 | 926 | 2.72 (2.00) | 1434 | 3.60 (2.37) | <0.0001 |
| aLean mass index (kg/m2) | 1500 | 12.91 (1.12) | 1767 | 12.06 (1.22) | <0.0001 | 1665 | 17.11 (1.94) | 2072 | 13.78 (1.52) | <0.0001 | 926 | 17.29 (2.44) | 1434 | 14.76 (1.96) | <0.0001 |
| aBody mass index (kg/m2) | 1567 | 16.70 (2.78) | 1865 | 17.27 (3.51) | <0.0001 | 1694 | 21.54 (4.05) | 2112 | 21.95 (4.42) | <0.0001 | 949 | 23.98 (4.79) | 1483 | 23.51 (5.70) | 0.177 |
| Metabolic profile | |||||||||||||||
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1121 | 4.19 (0.65) | 1293 | 4.32 (0.62) | <0.0001 | 1277 | 3.56 (0.62) | 1310 | 3.94 (0.69) | <0.0001 | 840 | 4.34 (0.85) | 1174 | 4.48 (0.82) | <0.0001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1121 | 1.44 (0.31) | 1293 | 1.38 (0.30) | <0.0001 | 1277 | 1.19 (0.26) | 1310 | 1.35 (0.32) | <0.0001 | 840 | 1.40 (0.37) | 1174 | 1.66 (0.42) | <0.0001 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1121 | 2.24 (0.58) | 1293 | 2.42 (0.56) | <0.0001 | 1277 | 2.00 (0.56) | 1310 | 2.21 (0.63) | <0.0001 | 838 | 2.46 (0.79) | 1174 | 2.40 (0.74) | 0.071 |
| aTriglyceride (mmol/L) | 1121 | 0.98 (0.60) | 1293 | 1.04 (0.60) | 0.005 | 1277 | 0.74 (0.34) | 1310 | 0.76 (0.37) | 0.096 | 839 | 0.87 (0.55) | 1174 | 0.81 (0.47) | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | NA | 1277 | 5.16 (0.69) | 1310 | 4.91 (0.51) | <0.0001 | 840 | 5.46 (0.58) | 1174 | 5.22 (0.63) | <0.0001 | ||||
| aInsulin (mU/L) | 1114 | 8.29 (11.06) | 1283 | 7.98 (10.64) | 0.845 | 1259 | 6.05 (4.19) | 1285 | 7.33 (4.37) | <0.0001 | 840 | 6.92 (4.94) | 1174 | 7.75 (5.56) | <0.0001 |
| aC-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1121 | 0.15 (0.27) | 1293 | 0.26 (0.51) | <0.0001 | 1277 | 0.44 (0.68) | 1310 | 0.67 (1.28) | <0.0001 | 751 | 0.63 (1.10) | 1100 | 0.99 (2.13) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular measures | |||||||||||||||
| Pulse rate (beat/mins) | 1554 | 77 (10) | 1872 | 81 (11) | <0.0001 | 1718 | 63 (9) | 2138 | 68 (10) | <0.0001 | 953 | 64 (10) | 1495 | 69 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1554 | 102 (9) | 1872 | 103 (9) | 0.013 | 1718 | 120 (9) | 2138 | 110 (8) | <0.0001 | 953 | 122 (10) | 1495 | 112 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1554 | 57 (6) | 1872 | 58 (6) | <0.0001 | 1718 | 63 (6) | 2138 | 65 (6) | <0.0001 | 953 | 67 (8) | 1495 | 66 (8) | 0.004 |
| aCarotid-femoral PWV (m/s) | NA | 1720 | 6.03 (0.70) | 2143 | 5.54 (0.62) | <0.0001 | 641 | 6.47 (1.21) | 1012 | 5.90 (1.03) | <0.0001 | ||||
| aCarotid IMT (mm) | NA | 1720 | 0.48 (0.05) | 2143 | 0.47 (0.04) | <0.0001 | 533 | 0.47 (0.05)b | 866 | 0.45 (0.05)b | <0.0001 | ||||
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||||||||||
| Smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days (n,%) | NA | 1491 | 369 (21.5) | 1853 | 542 (25.3) | 0.004 | 674 | 171 (25.4) | 1105 | 284 (25.7) | 0.911 | ||||
| MVPA (mins/day) | NA | NA | 222 | 46 (43) | 411 | 42 (35) | 0.030 | ||||||||
| Family history of H-D-C-V (n,%) | NA | 1719 | 492 (28.6) | 2140 | 670 (31.3) | 0.072 | NA | ||||||||
H-D-C-V hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease, IMT intima-media thickness, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, NA not available/applicable, PWV pulse wave velocity, P-value for sex difference
The values are means (standard deviations) and amedian (interquartile range) except for maturation status and lifestyle factors in percentage. Differences between sexes were tested using Student’s t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann–Whitney U test for skewed continuous variables, and Chi-square test for dichotomous variable
bMean cIMT measurement at 24 years whereas maximum cIMT measurement for males is 0.54 mm (0.09) and for females is 0.53 mm (0.08)
A 2-sided P-value < 0.05 (in bold) is considered statistically significant