Fig. 1.

NS-KD alleviates cell injury. a CCl₄-induced liver injury. Left panel: schematic of the construction of liver injury mice models. Liver injury was induced by CCl₄ injection. The lower part indicates the time, i.e., D0: intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection of CCl₄ or vehicle on day 0. D3: assessing the extent of liver injury on day 3. Right panel: H&E staining showing hepatic necrosis following injection of vehicle (D0) or CCl₄ (D3). Dotted lines indicate the necrotic or inflammatory area, and the percentage of the necrotic or inflammatory area is quantified. Scale bar, 50 μm; n = 4 mice. b Venn diagram showing the numbers of tsRNAs in the presence or absence of CCl₄ stress. The color represents samples with or without CCl₄ stress. The numeral is the number of tsRNAs in the corresponding area. The data are acquired by tsRNA-seq, and each group comprised two duplicate samples. c The effect of four tRNA modification enzymes on HL-7702 proliferation under H₂O₂ stress. Treated: H₂O₂. Left panel: representative images of EdU staining are shown. Right panel: statistical results. Scale bar, 100 μm. EdU-positive cells were analyzed as data relative to the control n = 4 replicates. d Relative HL-7702 viability (CCK-8 assay) was assessed by detecting the OD450 value. n = 4 replicates. e NSun2 expression was measured to verify the knockdown effect of NSun2 by western blotting in (c) and (d). f Detection of HL-7702 proliferation using CCK-8 assay under H₂O₂ stress at the indicated time points (day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5), **P < 0.01, versus control siRNA at day 5. g Detection of transfected HL-7702 cell survival after stimulation with other chemicals. HL-7702 viability was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. n = 3 replicates. h Detection of transfected HL-7702 cell proliferation in the absence of stress damage. Basal: no H₂O₂. Left panel: representative images of EdU staining. Right panel: statistical results. Scale bar, 100 μm. EdU-positive cells were analyzed relative to the control. n = 4 replicates. i NSun2 expression was measured to verify the knockdown effect of NSun2 by western blotting for (f–h) and Supplementary Fig. S1j. NSun2 siRNA: NS-KD; Ctrl siRNA: Ctrl. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, n.s. no significance, Student’s t-test