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. 2023 Mar 13;55(3):628–642. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-00962-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a UMAP plot for EndMT and other cells (left panel) divided into control and CM groups (right panel). b Marker genes of ECs, EndMT cells and fibroblasts shown in violin plots. c Immunofluorescence staining of EndMT markers (CD31 and a-SMA) in the control and CM groups. CD31, red; a-SMA, green and DAPI-stained nuclei shown in blue. Scale bars, 50 µm. d Monocle 2 pseudotime analysis for ECs, EndMT cells and fibroblasts. e Heatmap showing the expression of dynamic immune genes along the pseudotime axis and a bar plot for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes (f). g Scatter plot showing outgoing (x-axis) and incoming (y-axis) cellular interaction strength of IL1 and CXCL signaling pathways in ECs, EndMT cells, and fibroblasts. h Top ten differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated (pink, avg_log2FC ≥ 0.25 and P value < 0.05) or downregulated (blue, avg_log2FC ≤ -0.25 and P value < 0.05) in lesion EndMT cells. i Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicating the enrichment of immune activation in lesion EndMT cells based on the Molecular Signatures Database (http://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/index.jsp).