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. 2023 Mar 1;55(3):487–501. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-00944-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Several ncRNA-based therapeutics exist, including siRNAs, shRNAs, sgRNAs, therapeutic lncRNAs, miRNA mimics and miR inhibitors (a). These therapeutic ncRNAs can be delivered by some vectors, including PAE, PEG, lentivirus, adenovirus and plasmids, and can also be administered in the forms of ASO-lncRNAs, miR agomirs, and miR antagomirs to play a therapeutic role (b). ncRNA-based therapy has been shown to be effective in cell-derived xenograft (CDX) models, including subcutaneous, orthotopic and metastatic models (c). ncRNA-based therapy has been shown to be effective in patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models (d). Lnc00958 sponges miR3619-5p in HCC, leading to the upregulation of hepatoma-derived growth factor and thereby promoting HCC adipogenesis and progression. In the PDX model, the weight and volume of the xenografts were significantly reduced after tail vein injection of PLGA-PEG (si-LINC00958) NPs (e).