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. 2023 Apr 4;13:5534. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31738-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Risk taking for potential losses increases with time of day. (A) Risk taking in choice trials with potential losses increased with time of day (N = 26,720, first plays only). This was true in loss trials featuring risky options with equal probabilities of zero or a potential loss, and in mixed trials featuring risky options with equal probabilities of potential gains and losses. The frequency of choosing risky options with only potential gains was unaffected by time of day. Each time bin includes data collected in the interval starting at the time indicated (i.e., the 6am bin includes all data collected from 06:00 until 11:59). Error bars represent the SEM. (B) Risk taking in loss trials increased with time of day in both female (N = 13,054) and male participants (N = 13,666). Risk taking in mixed trials increased with time of day in females but not males. Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals [*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005].