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. 2023 Apr 4;13:5477. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32013-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of denoising performance of each filter against the Gaussian noise (“Pepper”). (a) Original image; (b) noise-added image; (c) filtered image using abwFMGFI; (d) filtered image using NLMF (templateWindowSize: 21, searchWindowSize: 7); (e) filtered image using GF (σ_x: 5, σ_y: 5); (f) filtered image using MF; (g) filtered image using BF (σ_c: 35, σ_s: 5); (h) filtered image using ABF (σ_s: 7, max_σ_c: 35).