Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted associations of avocado consumption and cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and Nurses’ Health Study.
| Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | Nurses’ Health Study | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/month (PY=634,588) | 1–3/month (PY=236,610) | ≥1/week (PY=168,782) | ptrend | <1/month (PY=1,033,782) | 1–3/month (PY=189,284) | ≥1/week (PY=66,804) | ptrend | |
|
|
|
|||||||
| Total cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 5826 | 1842 | 1144 | 10296 | 2027 | 772 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) | <0.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 0.08 |
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 838 | 268 | 137 | 1016 | 190 | 60 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | 0.85 |
| Lung cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 669 | 189 | 85 | 1117 | 210 | 85 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.90) | 0.01 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 0.32 |
| Melanoma | ||||||||
| Cases | 603 | 200 | 177 | 509 | 120 | 42 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 0.86 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.41) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 0.35 |
| Bladder cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 594 | 170 | 93 | 240 | 51 | 17 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.90) | 0.004 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.45) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.65) | 0.87 |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ||||||||
| Cases | 471 | 160 | 113 | 609 | 121 | 38 | ||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 0.93 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.27) | 0.85 |
| Aggressive prostate cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 706 | 258 | 145 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.05) | 0.51 | ||||
| Breast cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 3531 | 719 | 294 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.37) | 0.003 | ||||
| Endometrial cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 742 | 128 | 39 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.06) | 0.08 | ||||
| Ovarian cancer | ||||||||
| Cases | 390 | 76 | 25 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.93 | ||||
All models adjusted for age (continuous), race (white, non-white), height (quintiles), smoking history (never, former, current 1–14, current 15+), pack-years of smoking (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–19.9, 20–39.9, 40+), family history of cancer (yes, no), multivitamin use (yes, no), alcohol intake (quintiles), physical activity (quintiles), aspirin use (yes, no), body mass index (quintiles), total energy intake (quintiles), Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (excluding avocados; quintiles), colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (yes, no), physical exam (yes, no). Models in HPFS additionally adjusted for prostate specific antigen testing (yes, no). Models in NHS additionally adjusted for mammography (yes, no) and postmenopausal hormone use (pre-menopausal, never, former, current).