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. 2023 Mar 22;14:1129437. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129437

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Copyright © 2023 Gao, Lu, Wang, He, Wang, Jia, Chen, Zhu, Liu, Zhao, Yang, Wu, Zhang, Huang, Mao, Ou, Sun, Tian and Cheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the function of bacterial DNA methylation and formation of bacterial phenotypically heterogeneous subgroups. DNA methyltransferase changes the expression pap operon by epigenetic regulation and forms phenotypically heterogeneous populations (long pili vs. short pili). DNA methylation defense mechanism can be used to protect the host genome from invasion by foreign DNA. Recent development in single molecule real-time (SMRT^®) sequencing technology enables real-time sequencing of a large library of DNA fragments without PCR (dashed line inset; Attar, 2016; Chen J. et al., 2022). SMRT sequencing measures polymerase kinetics during the sequencing process, and thus detects DNA modification.