TABLE 1.

Role of exosomal miRNAs in drug resistance.

Exosomal miRNA	Drug	Molecular targets	Mechanism	Reference
miR-221-3p, miR-25, miR-505, miR-34a, miR-181a, and miR-126a	Doxorubicin	PI3K, Akt, ISL, HDAC1, HSP70, K246, Bax, Bcl-2, and IL-33/IL13	↓ Proliferation and autophagy, ↑ Apoptosis, and modify tumor microenvironment	Clarke et al. (2001), Yamamoto et al. (2011), Zhu et al. (2013), Wang et al. (2014), Wu et al. (2014), Deng et al. (2017), Hu et al. (2018), Chen et al. (2020), and Pan et al. (2020)
miR-194, miR-132, miR-24, and miR-302b	Cisplatin	MeCP2, FIH1, BimL, E2F1, and ATM	Chemoresistance, EMT and stemness, and ┬ cell life cycle	Pogribny et al. (2010), Bockhorn et al. (2013), Cataldo et al. (2016), and Hu et al. (2018)
miR-301, miR-101, miR-320a, miR-214, and miR-451a	Tamoxifen	PTEN, MAGI-2, Akt, ARPP-19, ERR5, cMyc, Cyclin D1, UCP2, and Erα/14-3-3C	Resensitize tumor, ↑ apoptosis, and ┬ autophagy	Sachdeva et al. (2011), Shi et al. (2011), Lü et al. (2015), and Liu et al. (2016)
miR-30c, miR-125, miR-125b, miR-200, and miR-16	Taxane	BAK1, Sema4C, ZEB1/2, E-cadherin, and BCL-2	↑ Apoptosis and ┬ Autophagy	Cochrane et al. (2009), Shi et al. (2011), Kastl et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2014), Yang et al. (2015), and Cataldo et al. (2016)
miR-328	Mitoxantrone	BCRP and ABCG2	Modulates drug deposition	Pan et al. (2009)
miR-221/222 and miR-101	Fulvestrant	TGF-β, β-Catenin, and EZH2	Chemoresistance	Rao et al. (2011) and Sachdeva et al. (2011)
miR-16 and miR-205-5p	Trastuzumab	ERBB2, p63, EGFR, FUBP1, and Cyclin J	↑ Cytotoxic effect of the drug	De Cola et al. (2015) and Venturutti et al. (2016)
Let-7	Verapamil	Ras, ESR1, CASP3, and HMGA2	↑ Chemoresistance, and modulate receptor expression EMT progression	Yang et al. (2015) and Guo et al. (2019)

↑- Increase/upregulation; ↓- Decrease/Downregulation; ┴- Inhibit/Prevent.