Table 2.
Characteristics of patients according to their outcome.
| No events (N = 111) | Ventilation or death (N = 54) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical background | |||
| Male sex, n (%) | 56 (50.5) | 33 (61.1) | 0.262 |
| Age, years (DE and range) | 61.8 (16.7, 47–73) | 59.5 (16.7, 49–68) | 0.415 |
| Age, years range, n (%) | |||
| <40 | 14 (12.6) | 9 (16.7) | 0.527 |
| 40–59 | 26 (23.4) | 17 (31.5) | |
| 60–79 | 53 (47.7) | 21 (38.9) | |
| ≥80 | 18 (16.2) | 7 (13.0) | |
| Complete vaccinationa | 60 (54.1) | 13 (24.1) | 0.001 |
| Origin not Spain (%) | 17 (15.5) | 12 (22.2) | 0.395 |
| Chronic medical conditionsb, median (IQR) | 1.0 [0.0, 2.5] | 1.0 [1.0, 3.0] | 0.427 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 56 (50.5) | 24 (44.4) | 0.577 |
| Type 2 Diabetes, n (%) | 34 (30.6) | 12 (22.2) | 0.345 |
| Obesity (body mass index ≥30), n (%) | 28 (25.2) | 21 (38.9) | 0.105 |
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 10 (9.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.382 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 21 (18.9) | 15 (27.8) | 0.275 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 9 (8.1) | 6 (11.1) | 0.733 |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 20 (18.0) | 11 (20.4) | 0.880 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 5 (4.5) | 4 (7.4) | 0.685 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 5 (4.5) | 2 (3.7) | 1.000 |
| Immunocompromised conditionc, n (%) | 3 (2.7) | 4 (7.4) | 0.320 |
| COVID-19 status at admission | |||
| Days from symptom onset to admission (mean ± SD) | 5.9 ± 3.2 | 5.8 ± 3.6 | 0.739 |
| CURB-65, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 20 (18.0) | 10 (18.5) | 0.202 |
| 1 | 43 (38.7) | 17 (31.5) | |
| 2 | 40 (36.0) | 17 (31.5) | |
| 3 | 8 (7.2) | 9 (16.7) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | |
| SOFA >2, n (%) | 30 (27.3) | 30 (56.6) | 0.001 |
| Chest radiology, n (%) | |||
| No infiltrates | 9 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.007 |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 13 (11.7) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 89 (80.2) | 53 (98.1) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody status at admissiond | |||
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive, n (%) | 52 (62.7) | 16 (47.1) | 0.178 |
| SARS-CoV-2 N antibody positive, n (%) | 24 (28.9) | 9 (26.5) | 0.968 |
| Log10 SARS-CoV-2 N antibody UI/ml (mean ± SD) | −0.35 ± 0.76 | −0.69 ± 0.98 | 0.082 |
| Log10 SARS-CoV-2 S antibody UI/ml (mean ± SD) | 2.86 ± 1.35 | 2.14 ± 1.43 | 0.019 |
| Treatments | |||
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 73 (65.8) | 14 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Dexamethasone boluses (20 mg/d), n (%) | 32 (28.8) | 47 (87.0) | <0.001 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 17 (15.3) | 21 (38.9) | 0.001 |
| Baricitinib, n (%) | 6 (5.4) | 1 (1.9) | 0.515 |
| LMHW use (%) | 108 (98) | 54 (100) | 1 |
| Clinical evolution | |||
| Hospital mean stay (mean ± SD) | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 15.5 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Complications during hospitalizatione, n (%) | 38 (34.2) | 30 (55.6) | 0.015 |
| Radiological worsening | 27 (24.3) | 27 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 3 (2.7) | 43 (81.1) | <0.001 |
| CRP levels, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 8.3 [3.9, 12.9] | 9.6 [4.9, 17.6] | 0.100 |
| D-dimer levels, ng/mL median (IQR) | 750 [484, 1238] | 1542 [1071, 3901] | <0.001 |
| Ferritin levels, ng/mL median (IQR) | 469 [263, 838] | 650 [328,1332] | 0.054 |
| SaO2/FiO2mmHg (mean ± SD) | 349 ± 89 | 153 ± 87 | <0.001 |
| Need for high-flow oxygen, n (%) | 15 (13.5) | 46 (85.2) | <0.001 |
| Need for ventilation, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (94.4) | <0.001 |
| Need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 50 (92.6) | <0.001 |
| Need for invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Time from admission to event, days (mean ± SD) | 8.16 (5.07) | 3.61 (4.38) | <0.001 |
LMHW: low molecular weight heparin; ICU: intensive care unit; SOFA: sepsis related organ failure assessment.
Complete vaccination when met the following criteria: for Pfizer vaccine, the minimum period between the two doses must be ≥19 days and the period after the 2nd dose to enter risk ≥7 days. For Moderna vaccine, a minimum period between doses of 25 days and a period after the 2nd dose of 14 days. For AstraZeneca vaccine, a minimum period between doses of 21 days and a period after the 2nd dose of 14 days. Finally, for Janssen vaccine, a period of 14 days after vaccination.
Chronic medical conditions included the following: cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, pulmonary disease, hepatic disease, endocrine disease, kidney disease, hematologic disease, malignancy and immunosuppression.
Immunocompromising conditions included active solid organ cancer (active cancer defined as treatment for the cancer or newly diagnosed cancer in the past 6 months), active hematologic cancer (such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma), HIV infection without AIDS, AIDS, congenital immunodeficiency syndrome, previous splenectomy, previous solid organ transplant, immunosuppressive medication, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, scleroderma, or inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis).
SARS-CoV2 serology was determined in 117 patients (83 in no events and 34 in events).
Complications during hospitalization: deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary thromboembolism, bacterial infection, acute renal failure, heart failure, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and elevated transaminases.