Table 1.
Depression from 2016 to 2020 by sample characteristics at baseline, China.
| n (%)/Mean (SD) | Depression in 2016 |
Depression in 2018 |
Depression in 2020 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | p valuea | Mean (SD) | p valuea | Mean (SD) | p valuea | ||
| Total | 9819 (100.00%) | 4.90 (3.90) | 5.36 (3.83) | 5.53 (4.08) | |||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||
| Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 5037 (51.30%) | 5.24 (3.96) | 5.77 (3.90) | 5.89 (4.11) | |||
| Male | 4782 (48.70%) | 4.53 (3.80) | 4.94 (3.71) | 5.14 (4.02) | |||
| Age groups (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
| 16-29 | 2042 (20.80%) | 4.39 (3.23) | 4.99 (3.36) | 5.21 (3.64) | |||
| 30-39 | 1704 (17.35%) | 4.82 (3.48) | 5.50 (3.47) | 5.52 (3,67) | |||
| 40-49 | 2211 (22.52%) | 5.14 (4.10) | 5.62 (4.01) | 5.70 (4.16) | |||
| 50-59 | 1988 (20.25%) | 5.00 (4.09) | 5.34 (4.01) | 5.58 (4.32) | |||
| 60-69 | 1444 (14.71%) | 5.15 (4.41) | 5.40 (4.13) | 5.59 (4.47) | |||
| ≥70 | 430 (4.38%) | 5.03 (4.39) | 5.25 (4.27) | 5.74 (4.56) | |||
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Han | 857 (8.73%) | 5.51 (4.15) | 5.90 (3.79) | 6.14 (4.22) | |||
| Han | 8962 (91.27%) | 4.84 (3.87) | 5.31 (3.83) | 5.47 (4.06) | |||
| Marital status | <0.001 | 0.1052 | 0.2829 | ||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 1689 (17.20%) | 5.21 (4.04) | 5.50 (3.91) | 5.62 (4.08) | |||
| Cohabit/married | 8130 (82.80%) | 4.83 (3.87) | 5.33 (3.81) | 5.51 (4.08) | |||
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No formal education | 1904 (19.39%) | 5.89 (4.54) | 6.38 (4.49) | 6.45 (4.63) | |||
| Primary school | 2084 (21.22%) | 5.16 (4.01) | 5.41 (3.85) | 5.82 (4.18) | |||
| Junior secondary school | 3124 (31.82%) | 4.60 (3.65) | 5.20 (3.63) | 5.26 (3.89) | |||
| Senior secondary school | 1575 (16.04%) | 4.38 (3.58) | 4.76 (3.39) | 4.98 (3.69) | |||
| College or above | 1132 (11.53%) | 4.28 (3.22) | 4.84 (3.34) | 4.92 (3.62) | |||
| Equivalized household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Q1 (lowest income group) | 1965 (20.01%) | 5.81 (4.31) | 6.36 (4.22) | 6.38 (4.45) | |||
| Q2 | 1996 (20.33%) | 5.16 (4.01) | 5.65 (3.93) | 5.87 (4.24) | |||
| Q3 | 1937 (19.73%) | 4.80 (3.77) | 5.15 (3.60) | 5.36 (3.97) | |||
| Q4 | 1959 (19.95%) | 4.35 (3.59) | 4.88 (3.55) | 5.02 (3.82) | |||
| Q5 (highest income group) | 1962 (19.98%) | 4.35 (3.57) | 4.76 (3.57) | 4.99 (3.70) | |||
| Employment status | 0.238 | 0.060 | 0.151 | ||||
| Non-employed (unemployed/students/not in labor market) | 2522 (25.68%) | 4.98 (4.16) | 5.24 (3.87) | 5.42 (4.11) | |||
| Employed | 7297 (74.32%) | 4.87 (3.81) | 5.41 (3.82) | 5.56 (4.07) | |||
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Area | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 5048 (51.41%) | 4.75 (3.79) | 5.05 (3.65) | 5.22 (3.93) | |||
| Rural | 4771 (48.59%) | 5.06 (4.01) | 5.70 (3.99) | 5.85 (4.21) | |||
| Region | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Eastern | 3500 (35.65%) | 4.62 (3.70) | 5.03 (3.76) | 5.12 (3.95) | |||
| Middle | 2858 (29.11%) | 4.92 (3.91) | 5.39 (3.77) | 5.60 (4.04) | |||
| Western | 2398 (24.42%) | 5.29 (4.05) | 5.86 (3.80) | 6.02 (4.18) | |||
| Northeastern | 1063 (10.83%) | 4.85 (4.09) | 5.26 (4.15) | 5.57 (4.27) | |||
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Smoking | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.057 | ||||
| No | 7184 (73.16%) | 4.95 (3.89) | 5.44 (3.82) | 5.57 (4.05) | |||
| Yes | 2635 (26.84%) | 4.76 (3.93) | 5.16 (3.85) | 5.40 (4.15) | |||
| Drinking | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 8287 (84.40%) | 4.96 (3.90) | 5.43 (3.85) | 5.61 (4.11) | |||
| Yes | 1532 (15.60%) | 4.54 (3.86) | 4.97 (3.73) | 5.05 (3.89) | |||
| Exercise per week (times) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 5599 (57.0%) | 5.01 (3.93) | 5.60 (3.90) | 5.73 (4.13) | |||
| 1-2 | 907 (9.2%) | 5.10 (3.71) | 5.70 (3.69) | 5.59 (3.89) | |||
| 3-5 | 1031 (10.50%) | 4.64 (3.56) | 4.93 (3.56) | 5.13 (3.85) | |||
| ≥6 | 2282 (23.24%) | 4.66 (4.04) | 4.85 (3.77) | 5.17 (4.09) | |||
| Physical discomfort | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 7123 (72.54%) | 4.20 (3.43) | 4.91 (3.59) | 5.10 (3.83) | |||
| Yes | 2696 (27.46%) | 6.75 (4.44) | 6.57 (4.18) | 6.66 (4.48) | |||
| Cognitive social capital | |||||||
| Generalized trust | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 4236 (43.14%) | 5.59 (4.15) | 5.88 (4.05) | 6.08 (4.24) | |||
| High | 5583 (56.86%) | 4.37 (3.62) | 4.97 (3.61) | 5.11 (3.90) | |||
| Trust in neighbors (0–10) b | 6.66 (2.15) | – | – | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Low (0–5) | 3498 (35.62%) | 5.64 (4.21) | <0.001 | 5.90 (4.05) | 6.13 (4.29) | ||
| High (6–10) | 6321 (64.38%) | 4.48 (3.65) | 5.07 (3.67) | 5.19 (3.92) | |||
| Trust in local government officials (0–10) b | 4.98 (2.64) | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Low (0–5) | 6266 (63.82%) | 5.24 (3.98) | 5.59 (3.87) | 5.77 (4.09) | |||
| High (6–10) | 3553 (36.18%) | 4.29 (3.67) | 4.97 (3.72) | 5.09 (4.02) | |||
| Reciprocity | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 2695 (27.45%) | 5.85 (4.23) | 6.01 (4.04) | 6.23 (4.29) | |||
| High | 7124 (72.55%) | 4.54 (3.70) | 5.12 (3.72) | 5.26 (3.97) | |||
a
Two-sample t-tests or ANOVA.
b
We divided trust scores into two groups to compare CES-D-8 score between groups in descriptive statistics. We still used the original trust score in regression analysis.