Table 3.
Longitudinal association between cognitive social capital in 2018 and depression in 2020, China (n = 9819).
| Main effect |
Moderating effect |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
β coefficient (95% CI) |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
β coefficient (95% CI) |
|
| Section A: Moderating effect of province-level COVID-19 Situation (factor score) |
Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 3d | Model 3e |
|
Cognitive social capital (in 2018) | |||||
| Generalized trust | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.17* (−0.33,-0.01) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.00) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
| Trust in neighbors (0–10) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.04) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
| Trust in local government officials (0–10) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.03 (−0.06,0.00) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
| Reciprocity | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29** (−0.46,-0.11) |
|
Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 (factor score) |
0.06 (−0.11,0.22) |
0.04 (−0.15,0.23) |
0.20 (−0.14,0.53) |
0.32* (0.07,0.58) |
0.07 (−0.15,0.28) |
| Cognitive social capital in 2018 × Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 | |||||
| Generalized trust (High) × Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 |
– | 0.03 (−0.15,0.21) |
– | – | – |
| Trust in neighbors × Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 | – | – | −0.02 (−0.07,0.02) |
– | – |
| Trust in local government officials × Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 | – | – | – | −0.05** (−0.09,-0.02) |
– |
| Reciprocity (High) × Province-level COVID-19 Situation in 2020 |
– | – | – | – | −0.01 (−0.21,0.18) |
|
Section B: Moderating effect of the number of province-level COVID-19 cases |
Model 4a |
Model 4b |
Model 4c |
Model 4d |
Model 4e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cognitive social capital (in 2018) | |||||
| Generalized trust | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.20 (−1.01,0.62) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.00) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
| Trust in neighbors (0–10) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.01 (−0.21,0.19) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
| Trust in local government officials (0–10) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
0.18* (0.02,0.34) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
| Reciprocity | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.30 (−1.19,0.59) |
|
The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 (on a logarithmic scale) |
0.03 (−0.09,0.16) |
0.03 (−0.11,0.18) |
0.11 (−0.13,0.36) |
0.22* (0.04,0.40) |
0.03 (−0.12,0.19) |
|
Cognitive social capital in 2018 × The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 (on a logarithmic scale) | |||||
| Generalized trust (High) × The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 |
– | 0.01 (−0.12,0.13) |
– | – | – |
| Trust in neighbors × The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 | – | – | −0.01 (−0.04,0.02) |
– | – |
| Trust in local government officials × The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 | – | – | – | −0.04** (−0.06,-0.01) |
– |
| Reciprocity (High) × The number of province-level COVID-19 cases in 2020 |
– | – | – | – | 0.00 (−0.14,0.14) |
|
Section C: Moderating effect of the number of province-level COVID-19 deaths |
Model 5a |
Model 5b |
Model 5c |
Model 5d |
Model 5e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cognitive social capital (in 2018) | |||||
| Generalized trust | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.21 (−0.45,0.03) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.00) |
−0.16* (−0.32,-0.01) |
| Trust in neighbors (0–10) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.06* (−0.12,-0.00) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
−0.08*** (−0.12,-0.05) |
| Trust in local government officials (0–10) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
0.01 (−0.04,0.05) |
−0.04** (−0.07,-0.01) |
| Reciprocity | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High | −0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.29*** (−0.46,-0.12) |
−0.27* (−0.52,-0.01) |
|
The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 (on a logarithmic scale) |
0.03 (−0.06,0.13) |
0.02 (−0.09,0.13) |
0.12 (−0.07,0.32) |
0.18* (0.03,0.32) |
0.04 (−0.08,0.16) |
|
Cognitive social capital in 2018 × The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 (on a logarithmic scale) | |||||
| Generalized trust (High) × The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 |
– | 0.03 (−0.08,0.13) |
– | – | – |
| Trust in neighbors × The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 | – | – | −0.01 (−0.04,0.01) |
– | – |
| Trust in local government officials × The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 | – | – | – | −0.03* (−0.05,-0.01) |
– |
| Reciprocity (High) × The number of province-level COVID-19 deaths in 2020 |
– | – | – | – | −0.01 (−0.12,0.10) |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; “Ref.” indicates the reference group.
In all models, we adjusted for sociodemographic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, place of residence, physical comfort, CES-D-8 Score in 2018, and province-level population density in 2019. Full results are shown in Supplementary Table S4.1-S4.3.