Figure 13.

Multivariate analysis of the species examined. (A) Classification of Aizoaceae species by the paired linkage algorithm of cluster analysis based on 18 morphological characteristics. The dotted line indicates the highest level of group delimitation. Colored lines on the right mark subgroups (1–5) of species with common morphological seed and fruit characteristics. Name abbreviations are constructed from first letters of generic and species names. Acrosanthoideae are highlighted in brown, Aizooideae in blue, Mesembryanthemoideae in red, Ruschioideae in black, and Sesuvioideae in green. (B) Ordination of species based on 18 morphological seed and fruit characteristics by principal component analysis. Brown dot: Acrosanthoideae, blue dots: Aizooideae, red dots: Mesembryanthemoideae, black dots: Ruschieae, black squares: Drosanthemeae, black diamonds: Apatesieae, green dots: Sesuvieae, and green squares: Anisostigmateae. PC 1: first principal component (describes 26.1% of total variance of morphological characteristics of seeds and fruits), PC2: second principal component (13.8%). Genera with a position highly deviating from other representatives of their families are marked as follows: Tetragonia (blue dots), Gunniopsis (blue dots), and Carpobrotus (black dots). (C) Differences in seed size (left) and seed-coat thickness (right) between species with hygrochasy (present) and without hygrochasy (absent). Differences in both cases are significant according to the Mann–Whitney test (P < 0.001).