Table 3.

Defined Daily Doses of antibiotics compared to different factors

Factors	DDD of ABX [Median (Q1; Q3)]	p-value
Sex
Male	16.5 (10.0; 28.0)	Mann–Whitney U = 2846.5, p = 0.0022
Female	11.0 (10.0; 17.2)
COVID-19 severity
Mild	12.4 (8.0; 25.2)	Kruskal–Wallis, χ2 = 9.885, df = 2, =  < 0.0001
Moderate	11.0 (8.0; 17.1)
Severe	20.9 (12.0; 41.3)
Date of admission
Feb 2020	25.3 (16.1; 47.5)	Kruskal–Wallis, χ2 = 23.621, df = 2, p < 0.0001
May 2020	16.0 (12.8; 26.5)
Aug 2020	11.0 (6.5; 21.5)
Nov 2020	11.0 (8.0; 20.2)
Feb 2021	11.2 (8.2; 14.8)
ICU
Yes	25.2 (14.6; 45.0)	Mann–Whitney U = 1492.5, p < 0.0001
No	11.2 (8.0; 19.2)
LC-HAI
Yes	24.2 (11.4; 46.3)	Mann–Whitney U = 1892.5, p < 0.0001
No	12.0 (8.00; 19.0)
GCS
Yes	12.0 (8.2; 29.0)	Mann–Whitney U = 3680.5, p = 0.9103
No	13.0 (9.0; 20.7)

DDD defined daily doses, GCS glucocorticoids, ICU intensive care unit, LC-HAI laboratory-confirmed healthcare-associated infections, Q1 and Q3 first quartile and third quartile

The study was conducted at the University Hospital in Krakow, Poland, between Feb/Mar 2020 and Feb 2021