TABLE 3.
Per‐protocol analysis of eating behaviors and food cravings at baseline and changes after 3 and 6 months
| Mean SE | Mean (95% confidence interval) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | Baseline | N | 3 months | N | 6 months | Within‐group change from baseline to 6 months | Between‐group change from baseline to 6 months |
| TFEQ | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled eating | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 31 | 7.2 (0.6) | 24 | 7.3 (0.7) | 31 | 6.4 (0.6) | −0.8 (−1.7, 0.1) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 7 (0.7) | 18 | 6.9 (0.8) | 20 | 5.8 (0.7) | −1.2 (−2.3, −0.1)* | |
| Combined | 25 | 7.7 (0.6) | 23 | 6.4 (0.7) | 25 | 5.1 (0.6) | −2.6 (−3.6, −1.6)*** | |
| Control | 52 | 7.3 (0.4) | 42 | 7.1 (0.5) | 52 | 6.5 (0.4) | −0.8 (−1.5, −0.1)* | |
| Aerobic versus control | 0 (−1.1, 1.2) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.4 (−1.7, 0.9) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −1.8 (−3.2, −0.5)** | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −1.4 (−2.9, 0.1) | |||||||
| DEBQ | ||||||||
| Eating restraint | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 31 | 26.1 (1.2) | 25 | 28.9 (1.5) | 31 | 27.5 (1.3) | 1.4 (−1.4, 4.2) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 22.8 (1.5) | 19 | 23.3 (1.8) | 20 | 23.6 (1.6) | 0.8 (−2.8, 4.3) | |
| Combined | 25 | 23.5 (1.3) | 22 | 25.4 (1.6) | 25 | 26.9 (1.5) | 3.4 (0.2, 6.5)* | |
| Control | 52 | 24 (0.9) | 43 | 24.5 (1.1) | 52 | 23.9(1) | −0.1 (−2.3, 2.1) | |
| Aerobic versus control | 1.5 (−2.1, 5.1) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | 0.8 (−3.3, 5) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | 2 (−2.3, 6.2) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | 2.6 (−2.1, 7.3) | |||||||
| Emotional eating | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 31 | 27.7 (2.1) | 25 | 30.1 (2.3) | 31 | 28.9 (2.2) | 1.1 (−2.7, 5) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 29.8 (2.7) | 19 | 28 (2.8) | 20 | 26.2 (2.8) | −3.6 (−8.4, 1.2) | |
| Combined | 25 | 31.1 (2.4) | 22 | 28.4 (2.6) | 25 | 26.7 (2.5) | −4.3 (−8.7, 0)* | |
| Control | 52 | 29.7 (1.6) | 43 | 30.7 (1.8) | 52 | 30.1 (1.7) | 0.4 (−2.6, 3.4) | |
| Aerobic versus control | 0.7 (−4.2, 5.6) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −4 (−9.7, 1.6) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −5.5 (−11.3, 0.3) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.7 (−7.2, 5.7) | |||||||
| External eating | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 30 | 30.7 (1.2) | 24 | 29.8 (1.2) | 30 | 29.2 (1.2) | −1.5 (−3.5, 0.4) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 31.3 (1.4) | 16 | 28.5 (1.5) | 20 | 27.6 (1.5) | −3.8 (−6.1, −1.4)** | |
| Combined | 23 | 29.2 (1.3) | 19 | 26.8 (1.4) | 23 | 24.9 (1.4) | −4.3 (−6.5, −2.1)*** | |
| Control | 48 | 29.2 (0.9) | 39 | 29.3(1) | 48 | 28.5(1) | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.8) | |
| Aerobic versus control | −0.8 (−3.2, 1.7) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −3 (−5.8, −0.2)* | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −2.8 (−5.7, 0.2) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.5 (−3.8, 2.7) | |||||||
| FCI | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 29 | 2.1 (0.1) | 23 | 2 (0.1) | 29 | 1.9 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.3, 0) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 2.2 (0.1) | 19 | 2 (0.1) | 20 | 2.1 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0) | |
| Combined | 24 | 2.5 (0.1) | 22 | 2 (0.1) | 24 | 2 (0.1) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3)*** | |
| Control | 51 | 2 (0.1) | 42 | 2 (0.1) | 51 | 1.9 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | |
| Aerobic versus control | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.1)* | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.3 (−0.6, 0)* | |||||||
| Fats | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 29 | 1.7 (0.1) | 23 | 1.5 (0.1) | 29 | 1.5 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 1.8 (0.1) | 19 | 1.6 (0.1) | 20 | 1.7 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | |
| Combined | 24 | 1.9 (0.1) | 22 | 1.5 (0.1) | 24 | 1.6 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.1)* | |
| Control | 51 | 1.6 (0.1) | 42 | 1.6 (0.1) | 51 | 1.6 (0.1) | 0 (−0.2, 0.1) | |
| Aerobic versus control | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.2) | |||||||
| Sweets | ||||||||
| Aerobi | 29 | 2.4 (0.2) | 23 | 2.5 (0.1) | 29 | 2.2 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 2.6 (0.2) | 19 | 2 (0.2) | 20 | 2.3 (0.2) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.1) | |
| Combined | 24 | 3.1 (0.2) | 22 | 2.2 (0.2) | 24 | 2.1 (0.2) | −1 (−1.3, −0.7)*** | |
| Control | 51 | 2.2 (0.1) | 42 | 2.3 (0.1) | 51 | 2.1 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | |
| Aerobic versus control | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.2) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.3) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.3)** | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.2)** | |||||||
| Carbohydrates | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 29 | 1.9 (0.1) | 23 | 2 (0.1) | 29 | 1.9 (0.1) | 0 (−0.2, 0.3) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 2.1 (0.2) | 19 | 2 (0.2) | 20 | 2 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | |
| Combined | 24 | 2.3 (0.1) | 22 | 2 (0.2) | 24 | 2 (0.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, 0) | |
| Control | 51 | 1.9 (0.1) | 42 | 1.8 (0.1) | 51 | 1.8 (0.1) | 0 (−0.2, 0.2) | |
| Aerobic versus control | 0 (−0.3, 0.3) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.3) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.1) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.2) | |||||||
| Fast foods | ||||||||
| Aerobic | 29 | 2.5 (0.2) | 23 | 2.4 (0.2) | 29 | 2.2 (0.2) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0) | |
| Resistance | 20 | 2.9 (0.2) | 19 | 2.5 (0.2) | 20 | 2.5 (0.2) | −0.4 (−0.8, 0)* | |
| Combined | 24 | 3 (0.2) | 22 | 2.5 (0.2) | 24 | 2.4 (0.2) | −0.6 (−1, −0.3)*** | |
| Control | 51 | 2.6 (0.1) | 42 | 2.5 (0.1) | 51 | 2.5 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) | |
| Aerobic versus control | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.2) | |||||||
| Resistance versus control | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.1) | |||||||
| Combined versus aerobic | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.1) | |||||||
| Combined versus resistance | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) | |||||||
Note: Participants who completed ≥70% of prescribed exercise sessions (∼≥2.8 sessions/week) were included in the per‐protocol analysis. Scoring: TFEQ: 4‐point Likert‐scale ranging from 1 “almost never” to 4 “almost always”; DEBQ and FCI: 5‐point Likert‐scale ranging from 1 “never” to 5 “very often”.
Abbreviations: DEBQ, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire; FCI, Food Craving Inventory; TFEQ, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.