Table 4.

Proximate composition of palm sugar (granulated and syrup).

	Borassus flabeliffer (granulated)	Nypa Fruticans (syrup)	Phoenix dactylifera (syrup)	Phoenix canariensis (syrup)	Arenga pinnata (granulated)	Reference
Protein (g/100g)	–	2.0–2.9	0.30–1.30	_	_	[31,32]
Fat (g/100g)	–	–	-	<0.20	0.11	[12,33]
Total sugar (g/100g)	91.04–93.28	93.1–93.6	58.49–75.28	66.0	95.29	[12,[30], [31], [32], [33]]
Reducing sugars (g/100g)	5.55–6.61	10.0–19.6	6.65–8.10	_	9.31	[12,30,31,33]
Ash (g/100g)	–	3.8–4.2	2.13–2.60	1.78	0.47	[12,[31], [32], [33]]
Moisture (g/100g)	2.91–5.12	28.9–31.5	20.79–39.06	35.3	4.11	[12,[30], [31], [32], [33]]
5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF) (mg/100g)	2.18–41.92	0.5–1.8	_	_	_	[30,31]
Total phenolic content (mg/100g)	2.77–8.94	16.9–44.3	14.76–22.45	_	194.3	[[30], [31], [32], [33]]
Mineral
Ca (mg/100g)	-	2–6	1.68–1.87	2.43	-	[12,31,32]
Fe (mg/100g)	0.188–0.205	1.5–2.3	0.55–1.11	1.16	-	[12,[30], [31], [32]]
K (mg/100g)	688.45–705.27	1026–1250	939.6–1149.3	451	-	[12,[30], [31], [32]]
Na (mg/100g)	23.10–24.50	34–47.4	–	59.7	-	[12,30,31]
P (mg/100g)	_	52–71	57.2–67.1	_	-	[31,32]
Mg (mg/100g)	–	26–34	26.9–30.7	17.4	-	[12,31,32]
Si (mg/100g)	–	21–43	–	_	-	[31]
Vitamin
A (mg/100g)	1.54–1.95	-	-	<0.05	-	[12,30]
B1(mg/100g)	0.66–1.06	-	-	0.02	-	[12,34]
B2(mg/100g)	0.04–0.07	-	-	<0.01	-	[12,34]
B3(mg/100g)	1.88–2.19	-	-	3.17	-	[12,34]
B5(mg/100g)	0.40–0.74	-	-	_	-	[30]
B6(mg/100g)	0.08–0.21	-	-	<0.04	-	[12,34]
Folic Acid (μg/100 g)	2.51–3.33	-	-	0.001	-	[12,34]
C (mg/100g)	2.78–4.01	-	-	<0.5	1.76	[12,33,34]
D2(mg/100g)	2.11–2.23	-	-	<0.005	-	[12,34]
E	52.15–55.12	-	-	<0.05	-	[12,34]