Table 2.

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

Study	Year	Design	Country	Population	Sex and mean age	Intervention	Control	Outcome	Follow-up duration
Bonnet et al.20)	2019	Single-blind RCT	Geneva, Switzerland	Post-menopausal osteoporotic women	Females only	Denosumab (n=18)	n=20	BMD-LS, ALM, handgrip strength	2.9 yr (range, 2.2–3.7 yr)
					Mean age: Denosumab 64.9±1.5 yr, control 65.7±0.9 yr		BPs: alendronate (n=8), zoledronate (n=12)
Miedany et al.21)	2021	Single-blind RCT	Egypt	Patients with osteoporosis	Male and female	Denosumab (n=135)	n=136	Hip and spine BMD, calcium, vitamin D, FRAX, TUG, handgrip strength, gait speed	5 yr
					Mean ages: NA		BPs: oral alendronate 70 mg once weekly, zoledronate once yearly 5 mg iv
Rupp et al.22)	2022	Retrospective cohort	Germany	Patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis	Male (n=8) and female (n=52) in both groups	Denosumab (n=60)	n=60	25(OH)D3 level, femoral and spinal BMD, handgrip strength, CRT force	17.6±9 mo (range, 8–59 mo)
					Mean age: Denosumab 68.9±9.2 yr, control 68.0±7.6 yr		BPs: alendronate 70 mg once weekly oral, ibandronate 3 mg intravenously every 3 months
Phu et al.23)	2019	Cohort	Melbourne, Australia	Older adults ≥65 yr with history or risk of falls and/or fractures	Male and female	Denosumab + vitamin D (n=51)	n=28	Gait speed, TUG, FSST, SPPB score, ABC	6 mo
					Mean age: NA		Zoledronic acid + vitamin D

RCT, randomized controlled trial; BPs, bisphosphonates; BMD, bone mineral density; ALM, appendicular lean mass; iv, intravenous; FRAX, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool; TUG, timed up and go; CRT, chair raising test; FSST, four square step test; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; ABC, Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale.