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a) Chemical structure of Nafion with a hydrophobic fluorocarbon backbone and hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups. b) Schematic diagram of the parallel water channels of Nafion. c) Scanning electron micrograph and schematic diagram of the metal electrode‐polymer electrolyte interfaces in IPMC and the mechanism of the bending motion of the IPMC actuator caused by cation migration. c) Reproduced with permission.[ 44 ] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
