Table 4.

Ethnomedicinal use, validation, antimicrobial activity and main phytochemical constituent of selected M. indica parts

Antimicrobial activity	Use in ethnic medicine	Experimental validation	Possible phytochemical	Related formulation
Antibacterial	Mango kernel, seed and leaves are used in treatment of wounds and boils in Asia and Africa	Bshabshe et al., [23] investigated the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of mango kernel on clinical isolates of S. aureus and MRSA	Tannins [30, 31] Mangiferin [33, 34]	Antimicrobial ointment[4, 50] Topical gel [51]
Antifungal	Mango leaves decoction are taken orally and applied on affected areas	Disegha and Akanni [28] conducted a study on the antifungal property of M. indica leaf extract on Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and C. albicans	Mangiferin	Antifungal ointment [49]
Antiviral	Mango leaf, bark, fruits, flowers	Ho et al. reported antiviral activity of flavonoids against Herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus, and Adenovirus [41]	Flavonoids [83] Mangiferin
Antimalarial	Leaves	Adepiti et al. [27] investigated the in vivo anti-malarial activity of a leaf decoction on Plasmodium berghei infested mice model	Flavonoids Tannins [86] Mangiferin Alkaloids	The study reported 55% P.berghei reduction by the fifth day of treatment
Anti-halitosis	Mango twig is used as chewing stick	Dandekar and Winnier [54] assessed activity of mango twigs extracts against S. mutans	Flavonoids Tannins Mangiferin	Toothpaste [57], Mouthwash [54], Mouthwash [55]
Gastro intestinal system ailment	It is used in folk medicine as an astringent, remedy for bowel obstruction, and vomiting	Pacheco-Ordaz [38] assessed the intestinal activity of mango extract	Tannins	Therapeutic nutraceuticals [61–63]