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. 2023 Apr 5;14:1888. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37416-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a General optical scheme for temporally focused light shaping. A temporally focused light-shaping architecture (TF-LS) allows (i) sculpting light into specific patterns and (ii) temporally focusing the photons to confine photostimulation to a shallow axial region with cellular dimensions. A subsequent LC-SLM modulation allows multiplexing the sculpted light to multiple 3D sample locations (dots in the beam represent photons). b Optical setup of FLiT. A pulsed collimated beam (red line) is reflected by a galvanometric mirror (GM) onto a diffracting grating (G) via a 4f-telescope (T₁). Diffracted off the grating, the beam is projected onto a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) by a f_SLM lens in the form of a horizontal (i.e., orthogonal to the orientation of the grating lines) spatially chirped strip of light. The LC-SLM is projected onto the back aperture objective (OBA) via a telescope (T₂) so that ad hoc phase modulation on the LC-SLM allows multiplexing the initial beam and generating a multi-site temporally focused pattern of light in the sample. As deflection of the beam by the GM results into a translation of the illuminated bands on the LC-SLM (dark-red lines), addressing the LC-SLM with H independent tiled holograms φ_i can lead to fast switch of different groups of light patterns into the sample. The top and bottom drawing represents the XY and the YZ plane views, respectively.