Fig. 13.

(A) SEM images of micro-nano-hybrid topography created by deposition of TiO₂ nanonodules (100, 300 and 500 nm) onto the acid-etched (micropit) surface [269]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [269]. (B) SEM images of SLA samples (a,c,e), and of NMSLA samples (b,d,f) generated via oxidation at 740 °C for 90 min [271]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [271]. (C) SEM images of the prepared ordered micro-nano hierarchical Ti surfaces with varying micro-scaled pits [274]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [274]. (D) SEM images of micropitted/nanospongelike TiO₂ surfaces with different crystalline phases after hydroxyapatite modification [283]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [283]. (E) Schematic diagram of modification of Ti surfaces with micro/nanoscale bionic morphology and miR-21 nanocapsules coating [284]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [284].