Fig. 4.

(A) Blue light interferometer, SEM and AFM images of the modified Ti disks in 0.2 vol% HF [111]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111]. (B) SEM images of the untreated SLA implants at different magnifications [115]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [115]. (C) SEM images of (a) TiO₂ grit-blasted Ti surface and (b) fluoride ion-modified TiO₂ grit-blasted Ti surface. Histological assessment of bone-to-implant contact of (c) TiO₂ grit-blasted implant surface and (d) fluoride ion-modified TiO₂ grit-blasted implant surface [112]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112].