Self-protection CD-based RTP materialsa.
| Method | Precursor | Afterglow mode (298 K) | Afterglow emission (nm) | Afterglow lifetime (τ) ms−1 (298 K) | PQY (%) | Remarks | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrothermal | Citric acid and ethylenediamine | RTP | 440 | 0.16 | NA | CDs | 86 |
| Hydrothermal | PVA and ethylene diamine | RTP | 564 | 13.4 | NA | NCD | 87 |
| Hydrothermal | Polyacid and diamine | RTP | 494 | 658.11 | NA | CDs | 88 |
| Microwave-assisted | Ethanolamine and phosphoric acid | RTP | 535 | 1460 | NA | URTP CDs | 89 |
| Heat treatment | Laspartic acid and d-glucose | RTP | 515 | 747 | NA | NCDs | 90 |
| Solvothermal | Glucose and (C2H5)3N·3HF | RTP | 455 | 1210 | 3.45 | FNCDs | 91 |
| Microwave-assisted | Triethanolamine and phosphoric acid | RTP | 518 | 820 | 15.85 | P-CDs | 92 |
| Hydrothermal | Acrylamide, urea and citric acid | RTP | 519 | 459 | NA | NCDs | 93 |
| Heat treatment | Urea and phosphoric acid | RTP | 495 | 320 | 23 | SW-CPDs | 94 |
| Hydrothermal | Isophthalic acid and ethylenediamine | RTP | 510 | 769 | NA | N-CDs | 95 |
| Carbonization | Citric acid and 2,4,6-trihydrazinyl-1,3,5-triazine | RTP | 476 | 66.4 | 4.7 | C-dots | 96 |
| Hydrothermal | Citric acid (CA) and basic fuchsine | RTP | 550 | 51.9 | 28 | N-CDs | 97 |
| Solvent-free pyrolysis treatment | Hydroxyurea | RTP | 570 | 175 | 13 | FP-CDs | 98 |
| Solvothermal | 5,5′-Disulfanediylbis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) | RTP | 426/520 | 1.1 | NA | HCDs | 99 |
| Solvothermal | Phenol, cytosine, resorcinol, and phloroglucinol | RTP | 500 | 65 | NA | F, O-codoped CDs | 100 |
| 505 | 127 | ||||||
| 520 | 218 | ||||||
| Microwave-assisted | Polyethylenimine and phosphoric acid | RTP | 515 | 565.19 | NA | N-CDs | 101 |
| Solvothermal | Fructose and diethylenetriamine | RTP | 500 | 1140 | 8.3 | FNCDs | 102 |
| Hydrothermal | Diethylenetriamine, phosphoric acid and boric acid | RTP | 509 | 481 | 8.7 | CPDs | 103 |
| 535 | 511 | 6.3 | |||||
| 567 | 437 | 3.2 | |||||
| 603 | 426 | 1.5 | |||||
| Hydrothermal | Levofloxacin | RTP | 555 | 354 | 4.2 | CD@paper | 104 |
| 630 | 237 | ||||||
| Solvothermal | Urea, HCl, citric acid, DMF | RTP + DF | 500 | 314 | 5.8 | CD powder | 105 |
| 572 | 462 | ||||||
| One-step melting | Boric acid | RTP | 512 | 1740 | 66.13 | (NACA)0.01%/BA | 106 |
| 495 | |||||||
| 560 | |||||||
| Hydrothermal | Silica and hexamethyleneimine | RTP + TADF | 508 | 451 | NA | CDs@SiO2 | 107 |
| Solvent-free catalytic assistant | o-Phenylenediamine and AlCl3·6H2O | RTP | 554 | 243.2 | 2.8 | M-CDs | 108 |
| Pyrolysis | Citric acid and boric acid | RTP | 466–638 | 113.9–581.76 | 0.42–13.74 | B-CD | 109 |
| Microwave-assisted | 1-[3-(Trimethoxy silyl) propyl]urea and phosphoric acid | RTP | 480–560 | 1000 | 59.41 | CPDs | 110 |
a
NA: not available; PQY: phosphorescence quantum yield; TADF: thermally activated delayed fluorescence; RTP: room temperature phosphorescence; DF: delayed fluorescence; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol.